CHAPTER 1

TRANSPORT

1.2
THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

What are the functions of

circulatory system?
Distributes nutrients and oxygen to the
cells
Removes the waste products from the
cells
Protects the body from diseases

What are the major components of

circulatory system?
Blood
Blood vessels
Heart

BLOOD AND HAEMOLYMPH

THE FUNCTIONS OF
HAEMOLYMPH
Haemolymph transports water,
inorganic salts and organic
compound throughout the
haemocoel

It does not transport respiratory

gases

HAEMOLYMPH

AORTA

OSTIA

HEAMOCOEL

HEART

Haemolymph fills the

entire body cavity or
haemocoel of an
insect

COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BLOOD

THE COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BLOOD

THE COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BLOOD

THE COMPOSITION OF HUMAN BLOOD

PLASMA

ERYTHROCYTE

LEUCOCYTE

PLATLET

It consists of:Water
Ions sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chloride and
bicarbonate ions
Plasma proteins :- Albumin , Fibrinogen, Immunoglobulins
Hormones
Dissolved substances: glucose, amino acid, urea respiratory gases

Biconcave shape
Very small large surface area to volume ratio
Elastic membrane; so that it can squeeze into the blood capillaries
Contain haemoglobin
Manufactured in the bone marrow and destroyed in the liver and
spleen

Colourless, have nuclei and mitochondria

Irregular in shape and larger than erythrocyte
Made by the stem cells in bone marrow
Important in fighting infections

DIFFERENT TYPES OF
LEUCOCYTES
Neutrophil
Engulf and digest
bacteria and dead
cells

GRANULOCYTES

Eosinophil
Release enzymes that
combat inflammation
in alergic reaction

Basophil
Involved in combating
inflammatory and
allergic reaction

DIFFERENT TYPES OF
LEUCOCYTES
Lymphocyte
Produce the immune
response against
foreign substnaces

AGRANULOCYTES

Monocyte
Engulf and digest
bacteria and dead
cells

CHARACTERIS
TICS

NEUTROPHIL

EOSINOPHIL

BASOPHIL

LYMPHOCYTE

MONOCYTE

Presence of
granules in the
cytoplasm

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Nucleus

Lobed nucleus /
Multilobes

Multilobes
/bilobes

Multilobes/
bilobes/
trilobes

Large sperical

Kidney shaped

Location formed

Bone marrow

Bone marrow

Bone marrow

Lymph nodes

Bone marrow

Function

Engulf bacteria
through
phagocytosis

Regulating
allergic
reaction

Produce
heparin and
prevent blood
clotting

Producing
antibodies to
protect against
diseases

Engulf bacteria
through
phagocytosis

Diagram

HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS

CAPILLARIES

ARTERY

VEIN

HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS

HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS

VEIN

ARTERY
CAPILLARY

HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS

HUMAN BLOOD VESSELS

Artery

Cappilary

Vein

VESSEL

ARTERY

CAPILLARY

VEIN

Wall

1mm

1mm

0.5mm

Lumen

4mm

8mm

5mm

100-40

30-18

10-5

50

35

Pressure mmHg
Flow mm/sec

THE HUMAN HEART

THE FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE HEART

THE FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE HEART

THE FLOW OF BLOOD IN THE HEART

THE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD IN

HUMANS
THE PUMPING OF THE HEART

The heart is made up of a strong muscle called cardiac muscle.

The cells of the cardiac muscle are interconnected; therefore

allowing electrical impulses to spread rapidly through the heart
as well as stimulating the cardiac muscle cells to contract.

The cardiac muscle is myogenic it contracts and relaxes

without the need of nerve impulses

The contractions of the heart are initiated and coordinated by a

pacemaker located in the wall of the right atrium . The
pacemaker is called as the sinoatrial (SA) node

 The pacemaker is controlled by the nervous system

and the endocrine system
The two nerves are : The parasympathetic nerves slow it down
The sympathetic nerves speed it up

The endocrine system involved is the hormone

adrenaline which increases the heartbeats during
fear, excitement or danger

THE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD IN

HUMANS
THE CONTRACTIONS OF THE SKELETAL
MUSCLES AROUND VEINS

When the blood reach the veins, pressure

become low to force blood back to the heart.
The blood is sent to the heart with the help of the
contractions of the skeletal muscles through the
veins

THE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD IN

HUMANS
THE CONTRACTIONS OF THE SKELETAL
MUSCLES AROUND VEINS
When skeletal muscles
contract, the veins
constrict and blood is
pushed along the veins.
The presence of valves
in the veins allow blood
to flow in one direction
to the heart

HOW BLOOD PRESSURE IS

REGULATED
When blood flows along a vessel, it exerts
pressure against the walls of the blood vessels.
The pressure is known as blood pressure which
acts as a force that pumps blood along the
arteries and the capillaries
A normal blood pressure is 120 / 80 mm Hg. The
first number is the systolic pressure
( contraction pressure) and the second number
is the diastolic pressure ( relaxation pressure)

 Blood pressure is regulated by a negative

feedback mechanism
Contains baroreceptors and cardiovascular
centre
Baroreceptors or a pressure receptors located in
the arch of aorta and arteries in the neck call
carotid arteries
Cardiovascular in the medulla oblongata in the
brain to help regulate blood pressure

THE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK REGULATION

OF BLOOD PRESSURE

THE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK REGULATION

OF BLOOD PRESSURE

BLOOD AND HAEMOLYMPH

AORTA

OSTIA
openings in
heart

HEAMOCOEL

HEART

Haemolymph fills the

entire body cavity or
haemocoel of an
insect

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM INSECTS

Aorta

Ostium

Heart

When the heart contracts, it

pumps the haemolymph into
the haemocoel where
exchange of substances
between the haemolymph
and the body cells takes
place
When the heart relaxes, the
haemolymph is drawn back
into the heart through pores
called ostia
The ostia have valves that
close when the heart
contracts

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN FISH

The circulatory system is known

as a single circulatory system
The heart has two chambers
Blood from the ventricle goes to
the gill capillaries where gaseous
exchange takes place
The gill capillaries converge into a
vessel that carries the oxygenated
blood to the systemic capillaries
In the systemic capillaries, oxygen
diffuses into the tissue while
carbon dioxide diffuses out of the
tissues into the blood capillaries
The oxygenated blood returns to
the atrium through the vein

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN AMPHIBIANS

The system is known as a double but
incomplete circulatory system
The heart consists of two atria and one
ventricle
Blood from both atria enters a single
ventricle which pumps the blood
through the pulmocutaneous and
systemic circulation
The pulmocutaneous circulation
delivers the deoxygenated blood to the
organs involved in gaseous exchange
The systemic circulation carries the
oxygenated blood to the body tissues
and the deoxygenated blood to the
right atrium

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN HUMANS

The system is known as a double

and complete circulatory system

Double circulatory system is a

system in which blood flows
through the heart twice in one
complete circulation

The system involves pulmonary

and systemic circulation