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Using Microsoft Excel with

Business Research Methods


By
William G. Zikmund

TITLE BAR
MENU BAR
STANDARD TOOLBAR
FORMATTING TOOLBAR

FORMULA BAR

ACTIVE CELL

PASTE FUNCTION
TOOLS MENU

The Paste Function Provides


Numerous Statistical Operations

The Statistical Function Category

Data Analysis
Dialog Box
Click on Tools
Select Data Analysis
Select statistical operation
such as Histogram

Functions
Functions are predefined formulas for
mathematical operations
They perform calculations by using specific
values, called arguments
Arguments indicate data or a range of cells
Arguments are performed, in a particular
order, called the syntax.

Functions
Functions are predefined formulas for
mathematical operations
They perform calculations by using specific
values, called arguments
Arguments are performed, in a particular
order, called the syntax.
For example, the SUM function adds values
or ranges of cells

Easy to Use Paste Functions

AVERAGE (MEAN)
MEDIAN
MODE
SUM
STANDARD DEVIATION

Functions
The syntax of a function begins with the function
name
followed by an opening parenthesis
the arguments for the function
separated by commas
a closing parenthesis.
If the function starts a formula, an equal sign (=)
is typed before the function name.

The Equal Sign Then The


Function Name And Arguments
=FUNCTION (Argument1)
=FUNCTION (Argument1,Argument2)

Arguments
Typical arguments are numbers, text, arrays,
and cell references.
Arguments can also be constants, formulas,
or other functions.

The AVERAGE Function


Located in the Statistical Category

Data Array

The data appear in cells A2 through 14


A2:A14
Sometimes written with dollars signs
$A$2:$A$14

Sum, Average, and Standard


Deviation

=FUNCTION (Argument1)
=SUM(A2:A9)
=AVERAGE(A2:A9)
=STDEVA(A2:A9)

SUM Function
Sales Call Example

X SUM ( A2 : A9)

AVERAGE (Mean) Function


Sales Call Example
Xi
X
AVERAGE ( A2 : A9)
n

Standard Deviation Function


Sales Call Example

sx

x x
n 1

STDEVA ( A 2 : A 9 )

Proportion

=COUNT
=COUNTIF
DIVIDE COUNTIF BY COUNT
=D3/D2

Frequency Distributions
There are alternative ways of constructing
frequency distributions
COUNTIF function
HISTOGRAM function

=COUNTIF(A6:A134,1)
=D4/D9*100

Histogram Function
Tools -Data Analysis-Histogram
Bins

The bins are the


frequency categories

Insert Input and Bin Ranges

Text Labels Can Be Included or


Excluded From Input Range

The Chart Wizard

The Descriptive Statistics


Function

SEVERAL ROWS OF DATA ARE HIDDEN

SEVERAL ROWS OF DATA ARE HIDDEN

Correlation

Correlation Coefficient, r = .75


Correlation: Player Salary and Ticket
Price
30
20
10
0
-10
-20

Change in Ticket
Price
Change in
Player Salary
1995

1996

1997

1998

1999 2000

2001

Regression Analysis

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