WiMAX 802.

16e
Overview of Link Budget

Name: John Lu
Date: Sept. 2007

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Link Budget Principles

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WiMAX 16e Link Budget Principles : Dependency

DL Tx Power
/SubCarrier

UL Tx Power
/SubCarrier

Yes

Yes

TDD Split DL:UL

No

Yes

Data Rate

No

Yes

Power

Antenna 1
Gain

Transmission
Loss

Propagation
Antenna 2
Gain

Margins
Indoor Penetration
Fade Margin
Interference Margin

TRANSMITTER

Tx Power

RECEIVER

Rx Sensitivity

Max Path Loss = Tx Power - Rx Sensitivity + Gains - Losses - Margins

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CPE impact on Link Budget

PCMCIA

Indoor CPE (Basic & Premium)

Outdoor CPE

WiMAX Wi-Fi
Router

1Tx, 2 Rx

1 Tx, 2 Rx

1 Tx, 2 Rx

1 Tx, 2 Rx

23 dBm Tx Power

27 dBm Tx Power
per Tx Channel

27 dBm Tx Power
per Tx Channel

27 dBm Tx Power
per Tx Channel

2 dBi Antenna gain

6+ dBi Antenna
gain

6+ dBi Antenna gain

15+ dBi Antenna

gain

Used in
Link Budget

CPE Strategy has a very large impact on Link Budget

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* Note: The final design, features, and form factor pending

Link Budget Margins

In-Building Margin
Environment dependant (Urban
Could be reduced with Desktop Modem Indoor CPE

Fade Margin
Interference Margin
Frequency Reuse

N=1
High Interferences
High Spectral Efficiency
Low Peak Throughput
PUSC using all SubChannels,
FUSC, AMC

N=3
Low Interferences
Lower Spectral Efficiency
PUSC using all SubChannels,
FUSC, AMC
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N=1 FFR (N=1/3)

Low Interferences at Cell Edge
High Spectral Efficiency
PUSC 1/3 SubChannels per
sector

16e Link Budget : Improvement

DL Limited
Higher PA Pwr and, AAS,
and MIMO

UL Limited
TDD Ratio: e.g. TDD 1:1 to
improve UL coverage
TTLNA is an option to improve UL
Lower Data Rate at cell edge
Increase Power: CPE Strategy

(*) Caution: TDD ratio must be same in same geographical area to avoid Interferences

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Sample Coverage Design with iPlanner

Planning Tool
Link Budget margins and its impact on Cell Radius

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Adaptive Modulation and Coding

and MIMO Modes
Mobile-WiMAX profile allows dynamic switching the MatrixA and Matrix-B to achieve superior MIMO performance
Matrix A or Transmit diversity (STTD) optimizes CQI per
CPE, therefore, improves coverage and extends the range

Better spectral efficiency Matrix-B

Better DL coverage Matrix-A

Matrix-B or Spatial multiplexing (SM) creates parallel

channels, therefore increases the throughput

WiMAX down link MIMO profile can be adapted dynamically to

deliver optimized user throughput and coverage
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Maximizing WiMAX Spectrum

WiMAX 802.16e TDD Profiles

2 decisions
Channel Bandwidth: 3.5MHz, 5MHz, 7MHz, 8.75MHz, 10MHz
Frequency Reuse: N=1, N=1 FFR, N=3, others (N=2, N=4, N=6)

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Maximizing WiMAX Spectrum

Channel Size
> Spectral efficiency:
Sample Ped A Channel

10

Power (dB)

For 1.25 MHz, one third of the

sub-carriers are guard tones
For 5 and 10 MHz, one sixth of
the sub carriers are guard tones
(twice more spectral efficient)
Large Channel Bandwidth has
higher Capacity with fewer
overheads

0
10
20

4
6
Frequency (MHz)

> Frequency diversity

The narrower the channel the
less frequency diversity
peak data rate scales with
channel bandwidth

0
10
20

4
6
Frequency (MHz)

5 / 10 MHz channels: higher efficiency (compared to narrower channels)

and better user experience
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10

Sample Ped B Channel

10

Power (dB)

> Peak data rate

10

Maximizing WiMAX Spectrum

Frequency Reuse Planning to get Maximum Spectrum
Efficiency
N=2

N=1

N=3

N=4 (3 sectors)

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Maximizing WiMAX Spectrum

N=1 Adaptive Fractional Frequency Reuse
The coverage gain for the given FFR modes is illustrated in CDF Chart below

Mode 1 is reuse N = 1
Mode 2 uses soft reuse Sub-carriers are divided into
high power sub-carriers and low power tones 1/3
of the sub-carriers are full power, the other subcarriers have half the power
Mode 3 uses soft reuse Sub-carriers are divided into
high power and low power 1/3 of the sub-carriers
are full power, the other sub-carriers are 1/4 the
power.
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Mode 4 is reuse N = 3 full power on 1/3 of the sub-

Questions ?
Before going to Link Budget Tool.

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Backup Slides

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Multi-Zone Frame Structure

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WIMAX OFDM-MIMO Frame Structure TDD

DL/UL Ratio = 2:1
MIMO Zone

Burst 3

IE

Burst 1

Burst 2

Burst 5

Burst 4

Burst 9

DL sub-frame
(32 OFDM symbols)

CQICH

Burst 10

Burst 5

Burst 6

UL sub-frame
(15 OFDM symbols)

Frame Duration (5ms 48 OFDM symbols) MS switching time > 50us

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RTG (60 us)

IE

Burst 6

TTG (105.7 us)

IE

Burst 2

IE

Preamble

Burst 4

Burst 1

ACK/NACK

IE

Burst 8

IE

Burst 3
Burst 7

UL-MAP

DL-MAP

Preamble
( 1OFDM symbol)

FCH

ULCS (optional*)

Initial raning
Periodic ranging

2 or 4 OFDM symbols

PUSC
Partial Usage SubChannelisation

> DL two clusters per subchannel

Odd symbols
Even symbols
Pilot sub-carrier
Data sub-carrier

Cluster

Time

> UL 6 tiles per subchannel

Sub-carrier

tile
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Data Rates
R

N bits
t

QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM

plus coding
More subchannels =
more tones

N bits N symbols .bitstone .N tones

t frame _ time

5 ms

Modulation
QPSK
16-QAM

64-QAM

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Coding

Bits per tone

1/2

3/4

1.5

1/2

3/4

1/2

2/3

3/4

4.5

Data Rate Calculation . Contd

> Assume QPSK modulation, which produces 1 coded bit per symbol
for TDD 2:1
> DL PUSC
Min slot allocation is 1 subchannel that consists of 2 clusters, spanning in
time over 2 OFDMA symbols. Each cluster consists of 28 subcarriers (24
data and 4 pilots). So, 1 SC has 48 data subcarriers (in 2 OFDMA Symbols)
Data Rate w/ 1 SC = (48/2) data SCs * 28 data symbols * 1(bit/sym) / 5
msec) = 134 kb/s
Data Rate w/ N SCs: Multiply by N (Nmax= 15 for 5 MHz B/W)

> UL PUSC
Min slot allocation consists of 1 subchannel that spans in time over 3
OFDMA symbols. The subchannel consists of 6 tiles, each is 4 adjacent
subcarriers by 3 OFDMA symbols resulting in 12 subcarriers (8 data
subcarriers and 4 pilots). So, 1 slot consists of 48 data subcarriers and 24
pilots (in three OFDMA symbols)
Data Rate w/ 1 SC = (48/3) data SCs * 15 data symbols * 1(bit/sym) /
5msec = 48 kb/s
Data Rate w/ N SCs: Multiply by N (Nmax= 17 for 5 MHz B/W)
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WiMAX 16e Link Budget Principles : Sensitivity

Sensitivity /Subcarrier = No + B + NF + SNR
No = Thermal Noise -174dBm/Hz
B = Bandwidth of Subcarrier (10.94kHz) in dBHz
NF = Equipment Noise Figure in dB
SNR = Signal/Noise Ratio in dB
depends on Modulation/Coding: use QPSK that requires lower SNR
impacted by : channel profile, speed, Diversity Gain

Dependency
Channel Bandwidth

No

TDD Split DL:UL

No

Data Rate

No
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WiMAX 16e Link Budget Principles : DL Tx Power

DL _ Power / Subcarrier

PAPower PilotPower
Total _# of _ DL _ Traffic _ Subcarriers

Dependency
PA Power

Yes

TDD Split DL:UL

No

Data Rate

No

(*) Can PowerBoost users at cell edge

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WiMAX 16e Link Budget Principles : UL Tx Power

CPEPower allocated _ PilotPower

UL _ Power / Subcarrier
# of _ UL _ allocated _ Traffic _ Subcarriers
TDD 1:1

TDD 2:1
frequency

DL sub-frame

frequency

UL sub-frame

time

DL sub-frame

UL sub-frame

Dependency
CPE Power

Yes

TDD Split DL:UL

Yes

Data Rate

Yes
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time

WiMAX Capacity formula

frequency

Capacity =
#of subcarriers freq axis
* #of symbols time (DL or UL) axis
* Average bit /subcarrier
/ frame duration

DL sub-frame

UL sub-frame

time

1 frame = 5ms

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