Overall Mechanical Energy

Balance
A more useful type of mechanical balance
for fluids, especially liquids, is a
modification of the total energy balance to
deal with mechanical energy.
Mechanical energy involves work, kinetic
energy, potential energy, and the flow work
part of the enthalpy term.
Mechanical energy is a form of energy that
is either work or a form that can be directly
converted to work.

Kinetic Energy
change

Potential
Energy
change

Pressure
change

Note:
= 1 for turbulent flow, 0.5 for laminar
flow

Sum of
Friction
losses

Shaft
work

Reynolds Number

Units :
kg
3
m
m

s
Dm
m2

Pa.s
s

D
N Re

If:
Re < 2000,
Laminar (straight
flow)
Re > 4000,
Turbulent
(eddying)

Friction Loses in Expansion,

Contraction, and Pipe Fittings
Skin friction losses in flow through
straight pipe are calculated by using
the Fanning friction factor. However,
if the velocity of the fluid is changed
in direction or magnitude, additional
friction loses occur. This results from
additional turbulence which develops
because of vortices and other
factors.

Methods to estimate the

losses
1. Sudden enlargement losses. If the
cross section of a pipe enlarges very
gradually, very little or no extra
losses are incurred. If the change is
sudden, it results in additional
losses due to eddies formed by the
jet expanding in the enlarged
section. The friction loss can be
calculated by:

Where:

hex

Is the friction loss in

J/kg

A1 2
K ex (1 ) ,
A2

the expansion loss coefficient

2. Sudden contraction losses. When

the cross section of the pipe is
suddenly reduced, the stream cannot
follow around the sharp corner, and
additional friction losses due to eddies
occur. For turbulent flow, this is given
by:

hc is the friction loss

1 for turbulent flow, 0.5 for laminar

2 is the average velocity in the smaller or downstream section
K c is the contraction loss coefficient

3. Losses in fittings and valves. Pipe

fittings and valves also disturb the
normal flow lines in a pipe and cause
additional friction losses. In a short
pipe with many fittings, the friction
loss from these fittings could be
greater than in the straight pipe. The
friction loss from these fittings could
be greater than in the straight pipe.
The friction loss for the fittings and

where :
K f is the loss factor for the fitting or valve

1 is the average velocity in the pipe leading to the fitting

Note: Values for Kf are given in Table 2.10-1 for turbulent flow
and 2.10-2 for laminar flow.

4. Frictional losses in mechanical

energy balance equation. The frictional
losses from the friction in the straight
pipe (Fanning friction), enlargement
losses, contraction losses, and losses
in fittings and valves are all
incorporated in the F term from the
mechanical energy balance equation,
so that

 If all velocities, v, v1, and v2 are the

same,

Pump Horsepower in Flow

System
Ws nWp
where :
Ws mechanical energy delivered to the fluid by the pump
n fractional efficiency
W p energy or shaft work delivered to the pump

Friction Losses and Pump

Horsepower
Hot water in an open storage tank at

82.2C is being pumped at a rate of 0.379

from this storage tank. The line from the
storage tank to the pump suction is 6.1m
of 2-in. schedule 40 steel pipe and it
contains three elbows. The discharge line
after the pump is 61m of 2-in pipe and
contains two elbows. The water discharges
to the atmosphere at a height of 6.1m
above the water level in the storage tank.

a. Calculate the frictional losses F

b. Make a mechanical energy balance
and calculate Ws of the pump in .
c. What is the kW power of the pump if
its efficiency is 75%?

Solution

m 3 1 min
rate 0.379
x
6.317 x10 3
min 60s
kg
Using interpolation, 82.2C 970.4 3
m
Based on Appendix A.2, @ 82.2C 0.3474 x10 3 Pa.s
Based on Appendix A.5, D(2 in) schedule 40 52.50 mm
or 0.05250 m (inside diameter)
Area 21.65 x10 4 m 2
6.317 x10 3 m 3 / s 2
m
Velocity
2.918
4
2
21.65 x10 m
s

Using Reynold's Number,

N Re

Dv

m
kg
)(970.4 3 )
s
m 4.279 x105 , Turbulent Flow
3 kg
0.3474 x10
m
s

(0.0525m)(2.918

Mechanical Energy Balance

1
p2 p1
2
2
( 2 1 ) g ( z 2 z1 )
F Ws 0
2

p2 p1
(v1 , z1 ,
0)

equation becomes

2
gz 2 F Ws 0
2
2

Calculation for F
1. Contraction loss- tank to pipe
2

v2
hc K c ( )
2
A2 A2
K c 0.55(1 );
0
A1 A1
K c 0.55(1 0) 0.55
(2.918m / s ) 2
hc 0.55 x
2
J
h c 2.33
kg

2. Friction loss in 5 elbows

Based on Table 2.10 - 1, K f 0.75

2

v2
hf K f
(no. of elbows)
2
2
(2.918m / s )
h f 0.75 x
x5
2
J
h f 15.965
kg

3. Friction loss in straight pipe

L 6.1m 61m 67.1m
N Re 4.279 x105
D 0.0525

4.6 x10 5

0.000876
D
0.0525
f 0.0048
2

L v2
Ff 4 f
D 2

67.1m
( 2.918m / s ) 2
F f 4(0.0048)(
)x
0.0525m
2
J
F f 104.47
kg

 For F
F hc h f F f
J
F (2.23 15.965 104.47)
kg
J
F 122.77
kg

 For shaft work:

2

v2
gz 2 F Ws 0
2
(2.918m / s ) 2
J
2
(9.81m / s )(6.1m) 122.77 Ws 0
2
kg
186.9 Ws 0
J
Ws 186.9
kg

 kW power of pump if efficiency is

75%
m

m v (6.317 x10
m 6.130

m3
kg
)(970.4 3 )
s
m

kg
s

Ws nWp
186.85 (0.75)(Wp )
J
Wp 249.13
kg
J
kg
(6.130
)
kg
s
kW 1527.17W 1.53kW
kW 249.13