EECE253 02 DigitalImagesAndMatlab

EECE/CS 253 Image Processing
Lecture Notes: Digital Images and Matlab

Richard Alan Peters II
Department of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science
Fall Semester 2007
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 2.5 License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/ or
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Digital Image
Color images have 3 values per

pixel; monochrome images have 1
value per pixel.
gridof
ofsquares,
squares,
aagrid
eachof
ofwhich
which
each
containsaasingle
single
contains
color
color
eachsquare
squareisis
each
calledaapixel
pixel(for
(for
called
pictureelement)
element)
picture
March 6, 2015
1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II
Pixels
A digital image, I, is a mapping from a 2D grid

of uniformly spaced discrete points, {p = (r,c)},
into a set of positive integer values, {I( p)}, or a
set of vector values, e.g., {[R G B]T(p)}.
At each column location in each row of I there
is a value.
The pair ( p, I( p) ) is called a pixel (for
picture element).
March 6, 2015
Pixels
p = (r,c) is the pixel location indexed by row, r,

and column, c.
I( p) = I(r,c) is the value of the pixel at location
p.
If I( p) is a single number then I is
monochrome.
If I( p) is a vector (ordered list of numbers)
then I has multiple bands (e.g., a color image).
March 6, 2015
Pixels
Pixel Location: p = (r , c)
Pixel Value: I(p) = I(r , c)
March 6, 2015
Pixel : [ p, I(p)]
5
Pixels
March 6, 2015
Pixel : [ p, I(p)]
Sampling and Quantization
real image
March 6, 2015
sampled
quantized
sampled &
quantized
Sampling and Quantization

column index
column index
row index
row index
pixel grid
real image
March 6, 2015
sampled
quantized
sampled &
quantized
Take
Takethe
theaverage
average
within
each
within eachsquare.
square.
Sampling
IC ,
I S ( r, c )
continuous image
sampled image
March 6, 2015
Take
Takethe
theaverage
average
within
each
within eachsquare.
square.
Sampling
IC ,
I S ( r, c )
continuous image
sampled image
March 6, 2015
10
Take
Takethe
theaverage
average
within
each
within eachsquare.
square.
Sampling
IC ,
I S ( r, c )
continuous image
sampled image
March 6, 2015
11
Take
Takethe
theaverage
average
within
each
within eachsquare.
square.
Sampling
IC ,
I S ( r, c )
continuous image
sampled image
March 6, 2015
12
Read a Truecolor Image into Matlab
March 6, 2015
13
March 6, 2015
14
March 6, 2015
15
http://boingboing.net/
http://boingboing.net/
David Pescovitz Cory Doctorow

Mark Frauenfelder
John Battelle
Xeni Jardin
March 6, 2015
16
Crop the Image

First,
First,select
selectaa
region
regionusing
using
the
magnifier.
the magnifier.
left
leftclick
clickhere
hereand
andhold
hold
Cut out a region

from the image
March 6, 2015
drag
dragto
tohere
hereand
andrelease
release
17
From
Fromthis
thisclose-up
close-up
we
can
estimate
we can estimate
the
thecoordinates
coordinates of
of
the
theregion:
region:
Crop the Image
rows:
rows:about
about125
125to
to425
425
cols:
about
700
to
1050
cols: about 700 to 1050
March 6, 2015
18
Crop the Image
Here
Hereititis:
is:
Now
Nowclose
closethe
the
other
otherimage
image
March 6, 2015
19
Crop the Image
Bring
Bringititto
tothe
the
front
using
the
front using the
figure
figurecommand,
command,
March 6, 2015
20
Crop the Image
then
thentype
typeclose
close
at
atthe
theprompt.
prompt.
March 6, 2015
21
Read a Colormapped Image into Matlab
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22
Read a Colormapped Image into Matlab
March 6, 2015
23
Colormapped vs. Truecolor in Matlab
March 6, 2015
24
March 6, 2015
25

T(231,326,:)
col: 326
Intensityvalues
values
Intensity
areintegers
integers
are
between00and
and255.
255.
between
227
222
96
imageclass:
class:uint8
uint8
image
imagetype:
type:truecolor
truecolor
image
row: 231
March 6, 2015
26

T(231,326,:)
col: 326
Intensityvalues
values
Intensity
arenumbers
numbers
are
between00and
and1.1.
between
0.89
0.87
0.38
imageclass:
class:double
double
image
imagetype:
type:truecolor
truecolor
image
row: 231
March 6, 2015
27
Numberat
atpixel
pixel
Number
locationisisan
anindex
index
location
intoaacolormap.
colormap.
into
Intensityvalues
values
Intensity
areintegers
integers
are
between00and
and1.1.
between
colormap
0.1804
0.6863
0.8863
0.1882
0.7098
0.9059
0.0627
0.2902
0.2549
red
green
blue

I(231,326,:) = 214
col: 326
256
255 = [226 231 65]T
226
231
65
row: 231
imageclass:
class:uint8
uint8
image
imagetype:
type:colormapped
colormapped
image
March 6, 2015
28
Example truecolor and colormapped images
24-bit truecolor
March 6, 2015
8-bit colormapped to 24 bits
29
Example truecolor and colormapped images
24-bit truecolor
March 6, 2015
8-bit colormapped to 24 bits
30
Colormapped Image, Indices, & Color Map

>> [M,CMAP] = imread(button_mapped.bmp,bmp);
Indices contained
contained in
in M(254:258,254:258)
M(254:258,254:258)
Indices
111 121
48 111
48
110
48 111 110 111
110 111 121
48 121
121
48 110 111
48
110 121
48 121 110
actual values
values in
in CMAP(109:113,:)
CMAP(109:113,:)
actual
R
G
B
109
110
111
112
113
0.6588
0.2196
0.4706
0.5333
0.2824
0.4706
0.1569
0.3451
0.4078
0.2196
0.8471
0.2824
0.5961
0.6588
0.3451
255*CMAP(109:113,:)
255*CMAP(109:113,:)
R
G
B
109
110
111
112
113
168
56
120
136
72
120
40
88
104
56
216
72
152
168
Last
Last
33
cols.
cols.
only
only
88
March 6, 2015
31
How to convert a colormapped image to true color

M is a 512x512x1, 8-bit image.
It has 262,144 pixels.
Each pixel has a value between
0 & 255.
cmap is the colormap that is stored in button_mapped.bmp

along with image. cmap is a 256x3 type-double matrix, each
row of which lists a color in terms of its R, G, & B intensities,
which are given as fractions between 0 and 1.
>> [M,cmap] = imread(button_mapped.bmp,bmp);

>> T = uint8(reshape(cmap(M+1,:),[size(M) 3])*255);
The 262,144 x 3 matrix of

intensity values is reshaped
into a 512x512x3 image of
type double. The values are
scaled to lie between 0 & 255
then converted to type uint8.
March 6, 2015
By concatenating Ms columns, Matlab

rearranges M into a 262,144 x 1 list. Each
number in the list (if it has 1 added to it)
refers to a row of the colormap. Then,
cmap(M+1,:) produces a 262,144 x 3 matrix of
intensity values of type double between 0 & 1.
32
How to Make Colormaps

ramp = (0:255)'/255;
kcm = [ramp ramp ramp];
graycolormap:
colormap:
gray
R(k)=G(k)=B(k)
R(k)=G(k)=B(k)
25633matrix
matrix
256
redcolormap:
colormap:
red
GG==BB==0;0;
rcm = [ramp zeros(256,2)];
gcm = [zeros(256,1) ramp zeros(256,1)];
greencolormap:
colormap:
green
RR==BB==0;0;
rcm = [zeros(256,2) ramp ];

% apply one by selecting the figure
% then entering:
bluecolormap:
colormap:
blue
RR==GG==0;0;
colormap(kcm)
March 6, 2015
0
0.0039
0.0078
0.0118
0.0157
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
Thiscode,
code, 0:255
0:255, ,
This
generatesaa11row
rowby
by
generates
256element
elementvector
vector
256
ofclass
classdouble
doublethat
that
of
containsnumbers
numbers00
contains
through255
255inclusive.
inclusive.
through
0.9843
0.9882
0.9922
0.9961
1.0000
This, (0:255)
(0:255), ,has
has
This,
thesame
samecontents
contents
the
andclass
classbut
butisisaa256
256
and
rowby
by11column
column
row
vector. The
The
vector.
apostrophe()()isisthe
the
apostrophe
matrixtranspose
transpose
matrix
operator.
operator.
33
R,
R,G,
G,&&BBbands
bandsofofaa
truecolor
truecolorimage
imagedisplayed
displayed
with
grayscale
colormaps
with grayscale colormaps
>> I = imread('blue_grapes_sm.jpg','jpg');
>>
>> Rd
Rd == I(:,:,1);
I(:,:,1);
>>
colormap(kcm);
>> colormap(kcm);
>>
>> Gn
Gn == I(:,:,2);
I(:,:,2);
>>
>> colormap(kcm);
colormap(kcm);
>>
>> Bl
Bl == I(:,:,3);
I(:,:,3);
>>
>> colormap(kcm);
colormap(kcm);
March 6, 2015
34
R,
R,G,
G,&&BBbands
bandsofofaa
truecolor
truecolorimage
imagedisplayed
displayed
with
grayscale
colormaps
>>
>> Rd
Rd == I(:,:,1);
I(:,:,1);
>>
colormap(kcm);
>> colormap(kcm);
R
>>
>> Gn
Gn == I(:,:,2);
I(:,:,2);
>>
>> colormap(kcm);
colormap(kcm);
G
March 6, 2015
>>
>> Bl
Bl == I(:,:,3);
I(:,:,3);
>>
>> colormap(kcm);
colormap(kcm);
B
35
R,
R,G,
G,&&BBbands
bandsofofaa
truecolor
truecolorimage
imagedisplayed
displayed
with
tinted
colormaps
with tinted colormaps
>>
>> Rd
Rd == I(:,:,1);
I(:,:,1);
>>
colormap(rcm);
>> colormap(rcm);
>>
>> Gn
Gn == I(:,:,2);
I(:,:,2);
>>
>> colormap(gcm);
colormap(gcm);
>>
>> Bl
Bl == I(:,:,3);
I(:,:,3);
>>
>> colormap(bcm);
colormap(bcm);
March 6, 2015
36
R,
R,G,
G,&&BBbands
bandsofofaa
truecolor
truecolorimage
imagedisplayed
displayed
with
tinted
colormaps
with tinted colormaps
>>
>> Rd
Rd == I(:,:,1);
I(:,:,1);
>>
colormap(rcm);
>> colormap(rcm);
R
>>
>> Gn
Gn == I(:,:,2);
I(:,:,2);
>>
>> colormap(gcm);
colormap(gcm);
G
March 6, 2015
>>
>> Bl
Bl == I(:,:,3);
I(:,:,3);
>>
>> colormap(bcm);
colormap(bcm);
B
37
R,
R,G,
G,&&BBbands
bandsofofaa
truecolor
truecolorimage
imagedisplayed
displayed
with
grayscale
colormaps
>>
>> Rd
Rd == I(:,:,1);
I(:,:,1);
>>
colormap(kcm);
>> colormap(kcm);
R
>>
>> Gn
Gn == I(:,:,2);
I(:,:,2);
>>
>> colormap(kcm);
colormap(kcm);
G
March 6, 2015
>>
>> Bl
Bl == I(:,:,3);
I(:,:,3);
>>
>> colormap(kcm);
colormap(kcm);
B
38
Saving Images as Files

>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
% truecolor as .bmp
imwrite(I,image_name.bmp,bmp);
% truecolor as .jpg (default quality = 75)
imwrite(I,image_name.jpg,jpg);
% truecolor as .jpg (quality = 100)
imwrite(I,image_name.jpg,jpg,Quality,100);
% colormapped as .bmp
imwrite(I,cmap,image_name.bmp,bmp);
% colormapped as .gif
imwrite(I,cmap,image_name.gif,gif);
March 6, 2015
Assuming
Assumingthat
that
IIcontains
containsthe
theimage
image
of
the
correct
class,
of the correct class,
that
that
cmap
cmapisisaacolormap,
colormap,
and
that
and that
image_name
image_nameisisthe
the
file-name
that
you
file-name that you
want.
want.
39
Double Exposure:
Adding Two Images
Jim Woodring - Bumperillo
Rayden Woodring The Ecstasy of Bumperillo (?)
Mark Rayden The Ecstasy of Cecelia
March 6, 2015
40
Double Exposure: Adding Two Images

>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
cd 'D:\Classes\EECE253\Fall 2006\Graphics\matlab intro'

Example
Example
JW = imread('Jim Woodring - Bumperillo.jpg','jpg');
MatlabCode
Code
Matlab
figure
image(JW)
truesize
title('Bumperillo')
xlabel('Jim Woodring')
MR = imread('Mark Ryden - The Ecstasy of Cecelia.jpg','jpg');
figure
image(MR)
truesize
title('The Ecstasy of Cecelia')
xlabel('Mark Ryden')
[RMR,CMR,DMR] = size(MR);
[RJW,CJW,DJW] = size(JW);
rb = round((RJW-RMR)/2);
cb = round((CJW-CMR)/2);
JWplusMR = uint8((double(JW(rb:(rb+RMR-1),cb:(cb+CMR-1),:))+double(MR))/2);
figure
image(JWplusMR)
truesize
title('The Ecstasy of Bumperillo')
xlabel('Jim Woodring + Mark Ryden')
March 6, 2015
41

>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

Example
Example
MatlabCode
Code
Matlab
figure
image(JW)
truesize
title('Bumperillo')
figure
image(MR)
truesize
Cutaasection
sectionout
outof
ofthe
themiddle
middleof
ofthe
thelarger
larger
Cut
imagethe
thesame
samesize
sizeas
asthe
thesmaller
smallerimage.
image.
image
figure
image(JWplusMR)
truesize
March 6, 2015
42

>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

Example
Example
MatlabCode
Code
Matlab
figure
image(JW)
truesize
title('Bumperillo')
figure
image(MR)
truesize
Notethat
thatthe
theimages
imagesare
areaveraged,
averaged,
Note
pixelwise.
pixelwise.
figure
image(JWplusMR)
truesize
March 6, 2015
43

>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

Example
Example
MatlabCode
Code
Matlab
figure
image(JW)
truesize
title('Bumperillo')
figure
image(MR)
truesize
figure
Notethe
thedata
dataclass
class
image(JWplusMR)
Note
conversions.
truesize
conversions.
March 6, 2015
44
Intensity Masking:
Multiplying Two Images
Jim Woodring - Bumperillo
Rayden Woodring Bumperillo Ecstasy (?)
Mark Rayden The Ecstasy of Cecelia
March 6, 2015
45
Intensity Masking: Multiplying Two Images

>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

Example
Example
MatlabCode
Code
Matlab
figure
image(JWplusMR)
truesize
title('The Extacsy of Bumperillo')
JWtimesMR = double(JW(rb:(rb+RMR-1),cb:(cb+CMR-1),:)).*double(MR);
M = max(JWtimesMR(:));
m = min(JWtimesMR(:));
JWtimesMR = uint8(255*(double(JWtimesMR)-m)/(M-m));
figure
image(JWtimesMR)
truesize
title('EcstasyBumperillo')
March 6, 2015
46
Intensity Masking: Multiplying Two Images

>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

Example
Example
MatlabCode
Code
Matlab
figure
image(JWplusMR)
Notethat
thatthe
theimages
imagesare
aremultiplied,
multiplied,pixelwise.
pixelwise.
Note
truesize
title('The Extacsy of Bumperillo')
JWtimesMR = double(JW(rb:(rb+RMR-1),cb:(cb+CMR-1),:)).*double(MR);
M = max(JWtimesMR(:));
m = min(JWtimesMR(:));
JWtimesMR = uint8(255*(double(JWtimesMR)-m)/(M-m));
figure
image(JWtimesMR)
truesize
Notehow
howthe
theimage
imageintensities
intensitiesare
are
title('EcstasyBumperillo')
Note
March 6, 2015
scaledback
backinto
intothe
therange
range0-255.
0-255.
scaled
47
Pixel Indexing in Matlab

For loops in Matlab are inefficient, whereas Matlabs
native indexing procedures are very fast.
IP_Function
IP_Functionisis
some
somearbitrary
arbitraryimage
image
processing
function
processing function
that
thatyou
youor
orsomeone
someone
else
has
written.
else has written.
Rather than
for
for rr == 1:R
1:R
for
c
for c == 1:C
1:C
J(r,c,:)
J(r,c,:) == IP_Function(I(r,c,:));
IP_Function(I(r,c,:));
end
end
end
end
use, if possible
JJ == IP_Function(I);
IP_Function(I);
But, sometimes that is not possible.
For example, if the output, J, is decimated with respect to the input, I,
the above will not work (unless, of course, it is done within
IP_function).
March 6, 2015
48
Here,
Here,
n=3
n=3
1:n:R;
rr == 1:n:R;
I(r,:,:)
I(r,:,:)
I(:,c,:)
I(:,c,:)
To decimate the above image by a factor of n,

create a vector, r, that contains the index of
every nth row, and a similar vector, c.
March 6, 2015
c = [1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31]
1:n:C;
cc == 1:n:C;
r = [1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31]
49
Here,
Here,
n=3
n=3
Takethe
the
Take
pixels
pixels
indexed
indexed
byboth
both
by
andc.c.
r rand
This
Thisisiscalled,
called,
vectorizing.
vectorizing.
I(r,c)
I(r,c)
Then, vectors r and c used as index

arguments for image I select every
nth column in every nth row.
March 6, 2015
50
Here,
Here,
n=3
n=3
J = I(r,c,:);
image,
image, II
rr == 1:n:R;
1:n:R;
March 6, 2015
cc == 1:n:C;
1:n:C;
51

Indexing in Matlab is fully general.
If I is R x C x B, vectors r and c
can contain any numbers 1 rk R
and 1 ck C.
The numbers can be in any order
and can be repeated within r and c.
The result of I(r,c) is an ordinal
shuffling of the pixels from I as
indexed by r and c.
Whenever
Wheneverpossible,
possible,
avoid
using
for
avoid using forloops;
loops;
vectorize
instead.
vectorize instead.
March 6, 2015
52

and 1 ck C.
indexed by r and c.
Whenever
Wheneverpossible,
possible,
avoid
using
for
loops;
vectorize
instead.
vectorize instead.
March 6, 2015
53

and 1 ck C.
indexed by r and c.
Whenever
Wheneverpossible,
possible,
avoid
using
for
loops;
vectorize
instead.
vectorize instead.
March 6, 2015
54

and 1 ck C.
indexed by r and c.
Whenever
Wheneverpossible,
possible,
avoid
using
for
loops;
vectorize
instead.
vectorize instead.
March 6, 2015
55

and 1 ck C.
indexed by r and c.
Whenever
Wheneverpossible,
possible,
avoid
using
for
loops;
vectorize
instead.
vectorize instead.
March 6, 2015
56

and 1 ck C.
indexed by r and c.
Whenever
Wheneverpossible,
possible,
avoid
using
for
loops;
vectorize
instead.
vectorize instead.
March 6, 2015
57

>> I = imread('Lawraa - Flickr - 278635073_883bd891ec_o.jpg','jpg');
>> size(I)
ans =
576
768
3
>> r = randperm(576);
>> c = randperm(768);
>> J = I(r,c,:);
>> figure
>> image(J)
>> truesize
>> title('Scrambled Image')
>> xlabel('What is it?')
Fun(if
(ifyoure
yourean
animaging
imaginggeek)
geek)
Fun
thingto
totry
trywith
withMatlab
Matlab
thing
indexing: Scramble
Scramblean
animage!
image!
indexing:
March 6, 2015
58

Theimage
imagecan
canbe
be
The
unscrambledusing
using
unscrambled
the
row
and
column
the row and column
permutation
permutation
vectors,rr&&c.c.
vectors,
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>
xlabel('What is it?')
K(r,c,:) = J;
figure
image(K)
truesize
title('Yay!!!')
xlabel('Photo: Lawraa on Flickr.com')
March 6, 2015
59

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EECE/CS 253 Image Processing

Lecture Notes: Digital Images and Matlab

Color images have 3 values per

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

A digital image, I, is a mapping from a 2D grid

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

p = (r,c) is the pixel location indexed by row, r,

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Sampling and Quantization

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Sampling and Quantization

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Read a Truecolor Image into Matlab

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Read a Truecolor Image into Matlab

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Read a Truecolor Image into Matlab

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Read a Truecolor Image into Matlab

David Pescovitz Cory Doctorow

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Crop the Image

Cut out a region

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Crop the Image

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Crop the Image

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Crop the Image

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Crop the Image

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Read a Colormapped Image into Matlab

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Read a Colormapped Image into Matlab

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Colormapped vs. Truecolor in Matlab

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Colormapped vs. Truecolor in Matlab

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Colormapped vs. Truecolor in Matlab

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Colormapped vs. Truecolor in Matlab

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Colormapped vs. Truecolor in Matlab

255 = [226 231 65]T

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Example truecolor and colormapped images

8-bit colormapped to 24 bits

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Example truecolor and colormapped images

8-bit colormapped to 24 bits

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

Colormapped Image, Indices, & Color Map

1999-2007 by Richard Alan Peters II

How to convert a colormapped image to true color

cmap is the colormap that is stored in button_mapped.bmp