Introduction

Transducers are electric or electronic devices that

transform energy from one form to another. For

example, a stereo speaker converts the electrical
signals of recorded music into sound. Many people
think of atransduceras being a complicated,
technical device designed to gather or transfer
information. In reality, however, anything that
converts energy can be considered a transducer.
A transducer is an electronic device that converts
energy from one form to another for various
purposes like measurement or Information transfer
eg.Pressure sensors.

Common examples include microphones,

loudspeakers, thermometers, position and
pressure sensors, and antenna.

Sensors and Actuators

There are many different types of transducers,
but at their most basic, they can be divided
into two groups: input (sensor) and output
(actuator).
Input transducers take some sort of physical
energy such as sound waves, temperature,
or pressure and converts it into a signal
that can be read. A microphone, for example,
converts sound waves that strike

Apressure sensorturns the physical force

being exerted on it into a number or reading that
can be easily understood.
Actuators take an electronic signal and convert it
into physical energy. A stereo speaker works by
transforming the electronic signal of a recording
into physical sound waves. Electric motors are
another common form of
electromechanicaltransducer,
convertingelectrical energyinto mechanical
energy to perform a task.

Transducer efficiency
Efficiency is an important consideration in any

transducer. Transducer efficiency is defined as

the ratio of the power output in the desired
form to the total power input. Mathematically,
if P represents the total power input and Q
represents the power output in the desired
form, then the efficiency E is given by:
E = Q/P

Contd..
No transducer is 100-percent efficient; some

power is always lost in the conversion

process. Usually this loss is manifested in the
form of heat. Some antennas approach 100percent efficiency.
The worst transducers, in terms of efficiency,
are incandescent lamps. A 100-watt bulb
radiates only a few watts in the form of visible
light. Most of the power is dissipated as heat

Transducer Types
Electromagnetic
Electrochemical
Electromechanical
Electro acoustic
Photoelectric
Electrostatic
Thermoelectric
Radio acoustic

Electromagnetic
transducers
Antenna - converts electromagnetic waves
into electric current and vice versa.
Cathode ray tube (CRT) - converts electrical
signals into visual form
Fluorescent lamp, light bulb - converts
electrical power into visible light
Tape head - converts changing magnetic
fields into electrical form

Fluorescent lamp

ANTENNA

CATHODE RAY TUBE

Electrochemical
Transducers
pH probes-an electronic instrument used to
measure the pH (acidity or basicity) of a
liquid.
An electro galvanic fuel cell- an electrical
device used to measure the concentration of
oxygen gas in medical equipment.

Electro galvanic fuel cells

pH probes

Electromechanical
transducers
Galvanometer-an instrument for detecting and
measuring electric current. It is an analog
electromechanical transducer that produces a
rotary deflection, through a limited arc, in
response to electric current flowing through its
coil.
Accelerometer- a device for measuring
acceleration and gravity induced reaction forces.
Rotary motor, linear motor , Vibration powered

generator are some examples of this type.

GALVANOMETER
ACCELEROMETER

Electroacoustic
transducers
Geophone - convert a ground movement
(displacement) into voltage .
Hydrophone - converts changes in water
pressure into an electrical form.
Loudspeaker, earphone - converts changes in
electrical signals into acoustic form.
Microphone - converts changes in air pressure
into an electrical signal.

GEOPHONES

LOUDSPEAKERS

EARPHONES

Photoelectric transducers
Laser diode, light-emitting diode - convert

electrical power into forms of light

Photodiode, photo resistor, phototransistor,
photomultiplier tube - converts changing light
levels into electrical form.

LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

PHOTO MULTIPLIER TUBE

Electrostatic transducers
Electrometer-an electrical instrument for

measuring electric charge or electrical

potential difference.

Thermoelectric
transducers
RTD(Resistance Temperature Detector)-To
predict change in electrical resistance of some
materials with changing temperature.
Thermocouple-to convert thermal potential
difference into electric potential difference.
Thermistor are some of the examples of this
type of transducers.

Radioacoustic
transducers
Geiger-Muller tube used for measuring
radioactivity.
Radio Receiver.

GM COUNTER

GROUP 5 (Industrial)
Ken Andrie D. Guaria
Daryl M. Hita
John Paul Albao
Harold Hollon
Paolo B. Escarcha
Jerome J. Deri
Clifford Gaton
Dionito Angelo D. Macabare