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DYNAMIC
ECOSYSTEM
Learning objectives
1.
Learning outcomes
Identify the abiotic and biotic
components of an ecosystem
2. Classify biotic components into
trophic levels
3. Explain the interactions between
biotic components in relation to
feeding
4. Explain the interaction between
biotic components in relation to
competition
1.
What is ecosystem?
An
Ecosytem of pond
Ecosystem of grassland
Ecosystem of sea
Ecosystem of forest
Our
1. pH value
Most organisms can survive well in
a neutral
or nearly neutral environment
Aquatic organisms are sensitive to
the
effects of the pH of water
Certain plants prefer acidic soilpineapple
Certain plants prefer alkaline soil
2. Light intensity
The
3. Temperature
Most
4. Humidity ( amount of
water vapour in the air)
The
Gradient-steep
slopes result in
rapid drainage & run-off. So, the soil
layer is thinner & drier- not a suitable
habitat for organisms
Aspect-the slopes of mountains
facing the direction of wind receive
more rain than the slopes shaded
from the wind.
6. Microclimate ( climate in a
microhabitat)
Includes
Food chain
A
Food web
1. Symbiosis
A
a. Commensalism
One species (comensal)
benefits while the other
( the host) neither drives
any benefits nor is harmed
Example: clown fish & sea
anemones, epiphytes
(pigeon orchids),staghon
fern,birds nest
fern,Pleurococcus
sp.,money plant, remora
fish & shark, Protozoa &
Cyclops sp., barnacles &
crabs/snail.
b. Mutualism
Relationship
between 2 species
of organisms in
which both benefit
Example: lichen
(alga n fungus),
hermit crabs & sea
anemones,
Rhizobium sp.
Bacteria & legume
plant.
c. Parasitism
Relationship between
2 organism in which
one organism(the
parasites) benefits and
other ( the host ) is
harmed.
Example:
ectoparasites
(fleas,lice,barnacles,ap
hids) & endoparasites
(tapeworm,Rafflesia
sp.)
2. Saprophytism
Living organisms
obtain food from
the dead &
decaying matter
Example:
saprophytic
bacteria & fungi
( Mucor sp.),
mushrooms,bracke
t fungus
3. Prey- predator
Relationship where
an organsim which
is smaller, called
prey, is hunted &
eaten by a
stronger animal,
the predator
Predator usually
has long canine
teeth & sharp
claws to hold &kill
between
organisms living together in a
habitat & competing for the same
resources that are in limited supply
1 species is more successful than the
other
Species which are stronger & have
better adaptation are successful
species
Species which are weak will either
2 types of competition:
Intraspecific
competition
Competition
between
individuals of the
same species
Example:
Brophyllum sp.
Interspecific
competition
Competition
between individuals
of different species
Example:
Paramecium aurelia
& Paramecium
caudatum