You are on page 1of 80

3

5
Differential
Equations

Prepared by:
Midori Kobayashi
Humber College

35.1 DEFINITIONS

35.1 - EXAMPLE 4 Page 1031


State the order of the following differential equations.
the order of the highest - order
derivative in the equation

dy
(a)
x 2y
dx
First derivative

d 2 y dy
(b)
3x
2
dx
dx
Second derivative

First derivative

ANS : of First Order

ANS : of Second Order

(c) 5 y 3 y xy
Third derivative

Second derivative

ANS : of Third Order

35.1 - EXAMPLE 5 Page 1031


Determine the degree of the following differential equation.
The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the
highest - order derivative in the equation.
*degree : the power to which that derivative is raised

( y) 2
2nd power

ANS : of Second Degree

35.1 - EXAMPLE 6 Page 1031


Determine the order and degree of the following
differential equations.
the degree of the highest - order derivative in the
equation

(a) ( y)3 5( y) 7

the order of the highest - order derivative in the


equation

Highest - order
derivative

(b)

ANS : of Third degree

x
1
y 2
x

y 2

Clear the fraction and square both sides

( x) ( y 2)
2

x y 2
2

only one
derivative

1st power

ANS : of First Degree

35.2 GRAPHICAL AND


NUMERICAL SOLUTION
OF DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS

35.2 - EXAMPLE 9 Page 1034


(a) Construct a slope field for the differential equation
dy
x 2 y for x 0 to 5 and y 0 to 5.
dx
Computing slopes gives:
Replacing dy/dx with m

At (0, 0) m x 2 y 0 2(0) 0
At (0, 1) m x 2 y 0 2(1) 2
At (5, 5) m x 2 y 5 2(5) 5

(cont)

35.2 - EXAMPLE 9 Page 1034 Continued


(a) Construct a slope field for the differential equation
dy
x 2 y for x 0 to 5 and y 0 to 5.
dx

At (3,2) the slope is 1

At (5,0) the slope is 5

(cont)

35.2 - EXAMPLE 9 Page 1034 Continued


(b) Sketch the solution that has the boundary conditions
y 2 when x 0.

35.2 - EXAMPLE 10 Page 1035


Use Euler's method to graphically solve the DE, dy
from the boundary value (1, 1) to x 5.
Increase x in steps of x 1 unit.
We plot the initial point (1, 1) as shown in Fig. 35-3.

x
1

1
2
2
y
(1)

At (2, 2):

x
2
1

y 2 (2) 2 2

At (3, 2.5):

x
3

0.5
2
2
y
( 2.5)

At (4, 3.0):

x
4
m 2
0.4
2
y
(3.0)

dx

= x

35.3 FIRST-ORDER
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION,
VARIABLES SEPARABLE

35.3 - EXAMPLE 12 Page 1038


Solve the differential equation y x 2 / y.

Replacing y with dy / dx and multiplying by dx.

dy x 2

dx y

x2
dy dx
y

Separate the variables by multiplying both sides by y

y dy x 2 dx
Integrate:
2
y
dy

dx

(cont)

35.3 - EXAMPLE 12 Page 1038 Continued


2
Solve the differential equation y x / y.
Integrate:

y dy x dx
2

y 2 x3
C1
2
3
Simplify the answer by multiplying by the LCD 6.:

3 y 2 2 x 3 6C1

ANS : 3y 2 2 x 3 C

35.3 - EXAMPLE 13 - Page 1039


Solve the differential equation

dy
4 xy.
dx

Multiplying both sides by dx :

dy 4 xydx
Separate the variables by dividing both sides by y

dy
4 xdx
y
Integrate:

1
dy 4 xdx
y

(cont)

35.3 - EXAMPLE 13 - Page 1039 Continued


dy
Solve the differential equation
4 xy.
dx
1
Integrate:
dy 4 xdx
y
ln y 2 x 2 C1
Solve for y:

ye
ye

Change from Log. form to Exp. form

2 x 2 C1

2 x2

eC1

ANS : y Ce

2 x2

35.3 - EXAMPLE 14 - Page 1039


dy
y
Solve the differential equation

.
dx 5 x
Multiplying by dx :

y
dy
dx
5 x
Separate the variables by dividing both sides by y

dy
1

dx
y 5 x
Integrate:

1
1
dy

dx

y
5 x

(cont)

35.3 - EXAMPLE 14 - Page 1039 Continued


Solve the differential equation
Integrate:

1
1
dy

dx

y
5 x

dy
y

.
dx 5 x

u=5x
du = dx

ln y ln 5 x C1
Solve for y:

ln y ln 5 x C1
ln y (5 x) C1
y (5 x ) eC1
eC1
y
5 x

Log property: LogA + LogB = LogAB


Change from Log. form to Exp. form

C
ANS : y
5 x

35.4 EXACT FIRST-ORDER


DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATION

35.4 - EXAMPLE 17 - Page 1042


Solve ydx xdy xdx.
The variables are not separable

Left side :

Product rule

d ( xy )
dy
dx
x y
or d ( xy ) xdy ydx
dx
dx
dx

So, integrate both sides:

( ydx xdy ) xdx


d ( xy ) xdx

x2
xy C
2

x C
ANS : y
2 x

35.4 - EXAMPLE 18 - Page 1042


dy y (1 xy )
Solve

.
dx
x
Clear denominators by multiplying through by xdx :

xdy y (1 xy )dx
Removing the bracket:

xdy ydx xy 2 dx
Move xdy term to
the right side:

xy 2 dx ydx xdy

(cont)

35.4 - EXAMPLE 18 - Page 1042 continued


dy y (1 xy )
Solve

.
dx
x
xy 2 dx ydx xdy
Divide by y 2 :

ydx xdy
xdx
y2
Integrate both sides:

ydx xdy
xdx
y2
x2
x
C1
2
y

Solve for y:

x 2 2C1 x

2
y
y ( x 2 2C1 ) 2 x

ANS : y

2x
x2 C

35.4 - EXAMPLE 19 - Page 1043


Solve 2 xydy 4 xdx y 2 dx 0 such that x 1 when y 2.
Move 4xdx to the right :

2 xdy y 2 dx 4 xdx
Since:

d xy

dy dx 2
x 2 y
y
dx dx

d xy 2 2 xydy y 2 dx
So:
2 xdy y dx 4 xdx
2

2
d ( xy ) 4 xdx

xy 2 2 x 2 C
Substituting the boundary conditions:

(1)(2) 2 2(1) 2 C

2C

ANS : xy 2 2 x 2

35.5 FIRST - ORDER


HOMOGENEOUS
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS

35.5 - EXAMPLE 22 - Page 1044


Determine if the the following diffrential equations are
homogeneous.
every term is of the same degree

(a ) (x 2 y 2 ) dx xydy 0
All second - degree

ANS : Homogeneous DE

(b) (x 2 y 2 )dx xdy 0


2nd degree

1st degree

ANS : Not a homogeneous DE

35.5 - EXAMPLE 23 - Page 1045


dy
Solve x y x 2 y 2 .
dx
Check if the DE is homogeneous:

Every term is of the same degree

Multiply each term by dx

xdy ydx x 2 y 2 dx
xdy x 2 y 2 dx ydx 0
xdy ( x 2 y 2 y )dx 0
( x 2 y 2 y )dx xdy 0
M

To test if M is homogeneous, we replace x by tx and y by ty.


(cont)

35.5 - EXAMPLE 23 - Page 1045 Continued


Solve x

dy
y x2 y 2 .
dx

To test if M is homogeneous, we replace x by tx and y by ty.

( x 2 y 2 y )dx xdy 0
M

x2 y2 y
(tx ) 2 (ty ) 2 ty t x 2 y 2 ty

Of first degree

t ( x2 y 2 y)

Of first degree

So, the given differential equation is homogeneous.

(cont)

35.5 - EXAMPLE 23 - Page 1045 Continued


dy
Solve x y x 2 y 2 .
dx

Substitute y vx
to transform the given equation into one whose variables can be separated.
However:

Product Rule!

dy
dx
dv
d (vx) v x
dx
dx
dx
Substitute y vx and

dy
dv
v x
dx
dx

dy
dv
v x into the equation:
dx
dx

dy
x y x2 y 2
dx

x (v x

dv
) vx x 2 v 2 x 2
dx
(cont)

35.5 - EXAMPLE 23 - Page 1045 Continued


dy
Solve x y x 2 y 2 .
dx
dv
x(v x ) vx x 2 v 2 x 2
dx
dv
x(v x v) x 2 (1 v 2 )
dx
dv
x( x ) x 1 v 2
dx
Simplified to:

Seperate tthe variables:

x dv 1 v 2 dx
1

1
dv dx
x
1 v2
Integrate:

1
dv dx

2
x
1 v

dv
x 1 v2
dx
(cont)

35.5 - EXAMPLE 23 - Page 1045 Continued


dy
Solve x y x 2 y 2 .
dx
1
1
dv

dx

x
1 v2

Use the property of Log:

ln v v 2 1 ln x C1
v v2 1
ln
C1
x

u = v, a =1, and
du = dv

ln v v 2 1 ln x C1

Change Log to Exp form:

v v 2 1 C1
e
x
v v2 1
C
x
(cont)

35.5 - EXAMPLE 23 - Page 1045 Continued


dy
Solve x y x 2 y 2 .
dx
v v2 1
C
x
Multiply both sides by x:

v v 1 Cx
2

Substitute back y vx:

Simplify:

v 2 1 Cx v
( v 2 1) 2 (Cx v) 2
v 2 1 C 2 x 2 2Cvx v 2
1 C 2 x 2 2Cvx

1 C 2 x 2 2Cy

35.6 FIRST-ORDER
LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS

35.6 - EXAMPLE 25 - Page 1047


Write the equation xy e x y xy in the form of Eq. 425.

Rearranging gives:

xy y xy e x

1 x
ex
y
y
x
x

By factoring:

xy y (1 x) e x
Divide by x:

y (1 x) e x
y

x
x

dy/dx

35.6 - EXAMPLE 26 - Page 1047


dy 4 y
Solve

3.
dx x
The above equation is in standard form with p

dy 4
y 3
dx x
Then:

4
and Q 3
x
By log property
logAp =PlogA

4
1
4
Pdx

dx

dx 4ln x ln x
x
x
425, a first-order linear differential equation, can always be made into an
integrable combination by multiplying by an integrating factor R.

(cont)

35.6 - EXAMPLE 26 - Page 1047 Continued


dy 4 y
Solve

3.
dx x
4
Pdx ln x

By log property

blog b x x

Integrating factor:

Re

Pdx

ln x 4

x4

Multiplying our given equation by x 4 and going to differential form gives:

dy 4 4 4
x x y 3x 4
dx
x

Multiply by dx

x 4 dy 4 x 3 ydx 3x 4 dx

(cont)

35.6 - EXAMPLE 26 - Page 1047 Continued


dy 4 y
Solve

3.
dx x

x 4 dy 4 x 3 ydx 3x 4 dx
Notice that the left side is
the derivative of x 4 y:

d x 4 y x 4 dy 4 x 3 ydx
So,

x dy 4 x ydx 3 x dx
4

4
4
d
(
x
y
)

3
x
dx

3x
x y
C
5
4

3x C
y 4
5 x

35.7 GEOMETRIC
APPLICATIONS OF FIRST
- ORDER DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS

35.7 - EXAMPLE 31 Page 1052


The slope of a curve at each point is one-tenth the product
of the ordinate and the square of the abscissa, and
the curve passes through the point (2, 3).
Find the equation of the curve.
The differential equation is:

1
dy

( x 2 y)
dx 10
First, see if the variables
can be separated:

1 2
dy x ydx
10
10
dy x 2 dx
y

Integrating gives us:

1
10 dy x 2 dx
y
x3
10ln y C1
3
x3
ln y C2
30
10C1

(cont)

35.7 - EXAMPLE 31 Page 1052 Continued


The slope of a curve at each point is one-tenth the product
of the ordinate and the square of the abscissa, and
the curve passes through the point (2, 3).
Find the equation of the curve.
x3
ln y C2
30

ye

x3

30

C2

Change from Log form to Exp. form

x3

x3

e 30 eC Ce 30
2

At (2, 3),

3 C e
C

3
e

8
30

(2)3
30

2.30

x3

y 2.30e 30

35.7 - EXAMPLE 32 Page 1052


A curve passes through the point (4, 2), as shown in Fig. 35-5.
If from any point P on the curve, the line OP and the tangent
PT are drawn, the triangle OPT is isosceles.
Find the equation of the curve.
The slope of the tangent is dy ,
dx
and the slope of OP is y / x.
Since the triangle is isosceles,
these slopes must be equal
but of opposite signs.

Separating the variables:

1
1
dy dx
y
x

dy
y

dx
x

Integrating gives:

1
1
dx dx
y
x

ln y ln x C1
(cont)

35.7 - EXAMPLE 32 Page 1052 Continued

A curve passes through the point (4, 2), as shown in Fig. 35-5.
If from any point P on the curve, the line OP and the tangent
PT are drawn, the triangle OPT is isosceles.
Find the equation of the curve.
Integrating gives: ln y ln x C1
Simplifying gives:

ln y ln x C1

ln xy C1

At (4, 2):

xy (4)(2) C
C 8

xy e C1
xy C

8
xy 8 or y
x

35.8 EXPONENTIAL
GROWTH AND DECAY

35.8 - EXAMPLE 34 Page 1055


A quantity starts from zero and grows with time such that its
rate of growth is proportional to the difference between
the final amount a and the present amount y.
Find an equation for y as a function of time.
The amount present at time t is y,
and the rate of growth of y we write as dy / dt.
Since the rate of growth is proportional to (a y ),

Separating the variables:

1
dy ndt
a y
u=ay
du = dy

a constant of
proportionality

dy
n( a y )
dt

Integrating gives:

1
dy ndt

a y
ln a y nt C1
(cont)

35.8 - EXAMPLE 34 Page 1055 Continued


A quantity starts from zero and grows with time such that its
rate of growth is proportional to the difference between
the final amount a and the present amount y.
Find an equation for y as a function of time.
ln a y nt C1
Going to exponential form and simplifying yields:

a y e nt C1 e nt C1 e nt e C1 Ce nt
a y Ce nt

y a Ce nt

Applying the initial condition that y 0 when t 0 gives:

0 a Ce n(0)

Ca

y a Ce nt a ae nt

y a (1 e nt )

35.8 - EXAMPLE 35 Page 1056


A crate falls from rest from an airplane. The air resistance
is proportional to the crate's velocity, and the crate reaches
a limiting speed of 66.4 m/s.
(a) Write an equation for the crate's velocity.
(b) Find the crate's velocity after 0.75 s.
(a) By Newton's second law,

W dv
F ma
g dt

W: weight of the crate


g: 9.806 m/s2
dv/dt: the acceleration

Taking the downward direction as positive:

F W kv
a constant of
proportionality

So:

F W kv

W dv
W kv
g dt

W dv
W kv

9.806 dt
(cont)

35.8 - EXAMPLE 35 Page 1056 Continued

A crate falls from rest from an airplane. The air resistance


is proportional to the crate's velocity, and the crate reaches
a limiting speed of 66.4 m/s.
(a) Write an equation for the crate's velocity. W: weight of the crate
g: 9.806 m/s2
W dv
dv/dt: the acceleration
W kv

9.806 dt
Find k by noting that the acceleration must be zero when the limiting speed
(66.4 m/s) is reached

W k (66.4) 0

W
66.4

The differential equation becomes:

W
W dv
W (
)v

66.4
9.806 dt

|v| = 66.4
Multiply by 66.4/W

66.4 v

66.4 dv

9.806 dt

dv
66.4 v 6.77
dt (cont)

35.8 - EXAMPLE 35 Page 1056 Continued

(a) Write an equation for the crate's velocity. 66.4 v 6.77 dv


Separating the variables:

1
dv
dt
6.77
66.4 v
dv
0.148dt
66.4 v

Integrating gives:

dv
0.148dt
66.4 v
0.148t ln 66.4 v C1

dt

u = 66.4 v
du = dv

ln 66.4 v 0.148t C1

Going to exponential form and simplifying yields:

66.4 v e 0.148t C1

e0.148t eC1 Ce 0.148t

When t 0, v 0

66.4 0 Ce 0.148(0)

66.4 v 66.4e 0.148t

C 66.4

v 66.4(1 e 0.148t )
(cont)

35.8 - EXAMPLE 35 Page 1056 Continued


(b) Find the crate's velocity after 0.75 s.
v 66.4(1 e 0.148t )
When t 0.75 s,

v 66.4(1 e 0.148( 0.75) )


66.4(1 e0.111 )

6.98

v 6.98m / s at 0.75 s

35.9 SERIES RL AND RC


CIRCUITS

35.9 - EXAMPLE 37 Page 1058


A fully charged capacitor (Fig. 35-12) is discharged
by throwing the switch from 1 to 2 at t 0. Write an expression for
(a) the voltage across the capacitor and
(b) the current i.
(a) By Kirchhoff's law,
the voltage vR across the resistor

the voltage v across the capacitor,but of opposite sign.

vR v
Furthermore:
the current through the resistor, vR (or v) / R
the current Cdv / dt in the capacitor.

v
dv
C
R
dt

(cont)

35.9 - EXAMPLE 37 Page 1058 Continued

A fully charged capacitor (Fig. 35-12) is discharged


by throwing the switch from 1 to 2 at t 0. Write an expression for
(a) the voltage across the capacitor
v
dv
C
R
dt
Separating variables and integrating gives:

1
1

dt dv
RC
v
1
1
dt
dv
v
RC
1
ln v
tk
RC

But at t 0, the voltage across the capacitor is


the battery voltage E,

1
ln E
(0) k
RC
1
ln v
t ln E
RC

ln E k

(cont)

35.9 - EXAMPLE 37 Page 1058 Continued

A fully charged capacitor (Fig. 35-12) is discharged


by throwing the switch from 1 to 2 at t 0. Write an expression for
(a) the voltage across the capacitor
1
ln v
t ln E
RC
Simplifying gives:

1
ln v ln E
t
RC
v
1
ln
t
E
RC
Going to exponential form and simplifying yields:
1

t
v
e RC
E

v Ee

t RC
(cont)

35.9 - EXAMPLE 37 Page 1058 Continued

A fully charged capacitor (Fig. 35-12) is discharged


by throwing the switch from 1 to 2 at t 0. Write an expression for
(b) the current i.

v Ee
Since i

t RC

v
,
R

Ee

t RC

E t RC
i e
R

35.9 - EXAMPLE 38 Page 1059


For the circuit of Fig. 35 12, R 1540 , C 125 mF, and E 115 V.
If the switch is thrown from position 1 to position 2 at t 0,
find the current and the voltage across the capacitor at t 60 ms.

The current in the capacitor:

1
1
106

5.19
6
RC 1540 125 10
1540 125
From Eq.A83,

At 0.060 s:

115 5.19( 0.060) 115

(0.7324208)
i
e
1540
1540
0.0547 A
i 0.0547 A 54.7 mA at t 60 ms

E R1 t
115 5.19t
i e

e
R
1540

(cont)

35.9 - EXAMPLE 38 Page 1059 Continued

For the circuit of Fig. 35 12, R 1540 , C 125 mF, and E 115 V.
If the switch is thrown from position 1 to position 2 at t 0,
find the current and the voltage across the capacitor at t 60 ms.

The voltage across the capacitor:

1
5.19
RC
At 0.060 s:

From Eq.A86,

v Ee

1t
R

115e 5.19t

v 115e 5.19( 0.060 ) 115(0.7324208)


84.2 V

v 84.2 V at t 60 ms

35.10 SECOND-ORDER
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS

35.10 - EXAMPLE 40 Page


1062
Solve the equation y 3cos x (where x is in radians)
if y 1 at the point (2, 1).
Replacing y by d ( y) / dx

d ( y ) / dx 3cos x
Separating variables gives:

d ( y ) 3cos xdx
Integrating gives us:

Since y 1 when x 2,

1 3sin(2) C1
C1 1 3sin 2 1.73
So,

y 3sin x 1.73

d ( y ) 3cos xdx

y 3sin x C1
(cont)

35.10 - EXAMPLE 40 Page 1062 Continued


Solve the equation y 3cos x (where x is in radians)
if y 1 at the point (2, 1).
y 3sin x 1.73

Integrating gives us:

Replacing y by dy / dx

dy (3sin x 1.73) dx

dy
3sin x 1.73
dx

y 3cos x 1.73 x C2

Separating variables gives:

dy (3sin x 1.73)dx

Since y 1 when x 2,

1 3cos(2) 1.73(2) C2

C2 1 3cos2 3.46 3.21

y 3cos x 1.73 x 3.21

35.10 - EXAMPLE+
Solve the equation y x 2 (where x is in radians)
if y 1 at the point (0, 0).
Replacing y by d ( y) / dx

d ( y ) / dx x 2
Separating variables gives:

d ( y) x 2 dx
Integrating gives us:
2
d ( y) x dx

Since y 1 when x 0,

03
1 C1
3
C1 1
So,

x3
y 1
3

x3
y C1
3
(cont)

35.10 - EXAMPLE+ - Continued


Solve the equation y x 2 (where x is in radians)
if y 1 at the point (0, 0).
Integrating gives us:
x3
y 1
x3
3
dy ( 1)dx
Replacing y by dy / dx
3
4
3

dy x
1
dx 3
Separating variables gives:

x3
dy ( 1)dx
3

x
x C2
12

Since y 0 when x 0,

C2 0

x4
y x
12

35.11

SECOND-ORDER
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS WITH
CONSTANT
COEFFICIENTS AND
RIGHT SIDE ZERO

35.11 - EXAMPLE 41 Page


1064
Solve the equation y 3 y 2 y 0.
a = 1, b = 3, and c = 2

We get the auxiliary equation by inspection:

m 2 3m 2 0
Solve the auxiliary equation:

(m 1)(m 2) 0
m1 1, m2 2

By Eq.430,

y C1e C2 e
x

2x

35.11 - EXAMPLE 42 Page


1064
Solve the equation y 5 y 0.
a = 1, b = 5, and c = 0

We get the auxiliary equation by inspection:

m 2 5m 0
Solve the auxiliary equation:

m(m 5) 0
m1 0, m2 5

By Eq.430,

y C1e0 x C2 e5 x

y C1 C2 e5 x

35.11 - EXAMPLE 44 Page


1065
Solve the equation y 6 y 9 y 0.
a = 1, b = 5, and c = 0

We get the auxiliary equation by inspection:

m 2 6m 9 0
Solve the auxiliary equation:

(m 3) 0
m3
2

By Eq.431,

y C1e3 x C2 xe3 x

y C1e C2 xe
3x

3x

35.12 SECOND-ORDER
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS WITH
RIGHT SIDE NOT
ZERO

35.12 - EXAMPLE 49 Page


1071
Find y for the equation y 5 y 6 y 3 x.
p

the particular integral will


make the left side equal to 3x

Since f ( x) 3 x,

f ( x) 3

and

f 0
Then:

Try a solution consisting of the sum of f (x), f

(x), and f(x), each with an (as yet)


undetermined (constant) coefficient.

Let y p Ax B
(cont)

35.12 - EXAMPLE 49 Page 1071 Continued


Find y p for the equation y 5 y 6 y 3 x.
Let y p Ax B
Then:

yp A

and

yp 0

Substitute them into the original equation:

y 5 y

6y

3x

0 5( A) 6( Ax B ) 3x
Solve for A and B:

5 A 6 Ax 6 B 3 x
6 Ax (6 B 5 A) 3 x 0

6A 3 A
6B 5 A 0

1
2

6 B 5( 12 ) 0 B

1
5
yp x
2
12

5
12

35.12 - EXAMPLE 49+


In Example 49, find the complete solution to
y 5 y 6 y 3x.
1
5
From Example 49, y p x
2
12

We get the auxiliary equation by inspection:

m 2 5m 6 0
Solve the auxiliary equation:

yC C1e 2 x C2e 3 x

( m 2)(m 3) 0

By Eq.430,

m1 2, m2 3

Since y y y ,
C

y C1e

2x

1
5
C2 e x
2
12
3x

35.12 - EXAMPLE 51 Page


1072
Solve y y 6 y 36 x 50sin x.
Determine yC :
We get the auxiliary equation:

m2 m 6 0
Solve the auxiliary equation:

(m 2)(m 3) 0

By Eq.430,

m1 2, m2 3

yC C1e

2 x

C2 e

3x

(cont)

35.12 - EXAMPLE 51 Page 1072 Continued


Solve y y 6 y 36 x 50sin x.

Determine yP :

Since f ( x) 36 x 50sin x,

Try a solution consisting of the sum of f (x), f

(x), and f(x), each with an (as yet)


undetermined (constant) coefficient.

Then:

Let y p A Bx C sin x D cos x

35.12 - EXAMPLE 51 Page 1072 Continued


Solve the equation y y 6 y 36 x 50sin x.
Let y p A Bx C sin x D cos x
Then:

yp B C cos x D sin x

and

yp C sin x D cos x

Substitute them into the original equation:

(C sin x D cos x) ( B C cos x D sin x) 6( A Bx C sin x D cos x)

36 x 50sin x

Solve for A, B, C and D:

6 Bx ( B 6 A) ( D 7C )sin x ( C 7 D) cos x 36 x 50sin x

6 B 36 B 6
B 6 A 0 A 1
D 7C 50
D 7C 50
C 7 D 0 7 49 D 7C 0

7(1) C
C 7
50 D 50 D 1

(cont)

35.12 - EXAMPLE 51 Page 1072 Continued


Solve the equation y y 6 y 36 x 50sin x.
Let y p A Bx C sin x D cos x

A 1 B 6 C 7 D 1
So:

y p 1 6 x 7 sin x 1cos x
and

yC C1e 2 x C2e3 x
Since y y y ,
C

y C1e 2 x C2 e3 x 1 6 x 7sin x cos x

35.13 RLC CIRCUITS

35.13 - EXAMPLE 53 Page


1076
A switch (Fig. 35 15) is closed at t 0. If R=225,
L 1.50 H, C 4.75 F, and E 75.4 V,
write an expression for the instantaneous current.
First of all, we need to determine which type:

Compute a and n to compare:

R
225

75.0 rad/s
2 L 2(1.50)

<

1
1

LC
1.50(4.75 10 6 )

106

375 rad/s
7.13
(cont)

35.13 - EXAMPLE 53 Page 1076 Continued


A switch (Fig. 35 15) is closed at t 0. If R=225,
L 1.50 H, C 4.75 F, and E 75.4 V,
write an expression for the instantaneous current.
a 75.0 rad/s

By Eq. A94,

n 375 rad/s

d n 2 a 2 (375) 2 (75.0) 2 367 rad/s

The instantaneous current is then:

75.4
e 75.0t sin 367t (A) 137e 75.0t sin 367t (mA)
367(1.50)

i 137e75.0t sin 367t (mA)

35.13 - EXAMPLE 54 Page


1077
A switch (Fig. 35 15) is closed at t 0. If R=0,
L 1.50 H, C 4.75 F, and E 75.4 V,
write an expression for the instantaneous current.
First of all, we need to determine which type:

Compute a and n to compare:

R
0
a

0 rad/s
2 L 2(1.50)

<

1
1

LC
1.50(4.75 10 6 )

106

375 rad/s
7.13
(cont)

35.13 - EXAMPLE 54 Page 1077 Continued


A switch (Fig. 35 15) is closed at t 0. If R=0,
L 1.50 H, C 4.75 F, and E 75.4 V,
write an expression for the instantaneous current.
a 0 rad/s

By Eq. A94,

n 375 rad/s

d n 2 a 2 (375) 2 (0) 2 375 rad/s

The instantaneous current is then:

75.4
sin 375t (A)
375(1.50)

134sin 375t (mA)

i 134sin 375t (mA)

35.13 - EXAMPLE 55 Page


1077
A switch (Fig. 35 15) is closed at t 0. If R=2550,
L 1.50 H, C 4.75 F, and E 75.4 V,
write an expression for the instantaneous current.
First of all, we need to determine which type:

Compute a and n to compare:

R
2550
a

850 rad/s
2 L 2(1.50)

>

1
1

LC
1.50(4.75 10 6 )

106

375 rad/s
7.13
(cont)

35.13 - EXAMPLE 55 Page 1077 Continued


A switch (Fig. 35 15) is closed at t 0. If R=2550,
L 1.50 H, C 4.75 F, and E 75.4 V,
write an expression for the instantaneous current.
a 850 rad/s

By Eq. A94,

n 375 rad/s

d n 2 a 2

(375) 2 (850) 2 763 j rad/s

The instantaneous current is then:

a jd 850 j (763 j ) 850 763 j 2 87.0


a jd 850 j (763 j ) 850 763 j 2 1613

j2 = 1
(cont)

35.13 - EXAMPLE 55 Page 1077 Continued


A switch (Fig. 35 15) is closed at t 0. If R=2550,
L 1.50 H, C 4.75 F, and E 75.4 V,
write an expression for the instantaneous current.

a jd 87.0

a jd 1613

By Eq. A95,

75.4
e 1613t e 87.0t
i
2(763)(1.50)

(A)

i 32.9(e87.0t e1613t ) (mA)

Copyright

Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd.


All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond
that permitted by Access Copyright (The Canadian Copyright
Licensing Agency) is unlawful. Requests for further information
should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley &
Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back - up copies for his
or her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and
the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or
damages caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the
information contained herein.

You might also like