Introduction to

Parameters for
Traffic Balance

AJEWOLE, TIMOTHY
OLUWATOSIN
(84759)
GSM-NPO
JUNE 14, 2005
Tutor: PANTHER JIZENGBAO

CONTENT
INTRODUCTION

CAUSES OF CONGESTION
REASON FOR TRAFFIC BALANCING
WAYS OF TRAFFIC BALANCING
OPTIMIZATION PARAMETERS
C2 CALCULATION
16-BIT RULE
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INTRODUCTION

Good afternoon Network Quality

Manager, RF Planning Engineers,
Representatives from Huawei

INTRODUCTION

Congestion is the conflict resulted from the

shortage of resources due to various
reasons. The resources involved in
congestion at BSS side can be divided into
to two classifications: wire resource and
radio resource. For example, A-Interface
circuit congestion and Abis-Interface
circuit congestion belong to wire resource
congestion. The wire resource congestion
mainly refers to A-Interface congestion and
the A-Interface congestion might be
accompanied with radio signaling channel
congestion.
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INTRODUCTION

The radio resource congestion mainly

includes the congestions of various types of
channel, such as SDCCH, TCH and AGCH.

The radio resource congestion mainly

includes the congestions of various types of
channel, such as SDCCH, TCH and AGCH.

This document introduces the fundamental

knowledge, analysis of the congestion,
Optimization and optimization parameters
(for balancing traffic)
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Causes of Congestion
1) Unreasonable LA planning.
2) Terrestrial resource unavailable
3) Traffic volume is large and the capacity expansion is
needed.
4) Increase of burst traffic, location for festival
gathering and the time for short messages being
intensively sent etc.
5) TRX fault
6) Interference resulting in channel assignment failure
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REASON FOR TRAFFIC BALANCING

Why do we have to balance Traffic?

To improve the network performance
utilizing existing network resources

METHODS OF TRAFFIC BALANCE

Traffic can be balanced in two ways:

In idle mode (C1, C2)
In dedicated mode (Handover Parameters)

OPTIMIZATION PARAMETERS
We shall concentrate on the following optimization
parameters for traffic balancing:
CRO, TO, PT, and Inter-layer HO Threshold
Definition:
CRO: Cell reselection offset. It indicates the C2 value
can be corrected manually. Range 0~63. Corresponding
level value: 0~126db. Unit- 2dB
TO: Cell reselection temporary offset, indicating the
temporary correction value of C2. It works only during
the "cell reselection penalty time" period. Range 0~7.
The corresponding value: 0~60db and 7 corresponds to
"infinite. 1=10dB
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OPTIMIZATION PARAMETERS

PT: Cell reselection penalty time, a parameter to

ensure the safety and validity of cell reselection
Its main function is to avoid too frequent MS cell
reselection. Range 0~31. The corresponding time is
20~620s, 31 is a reserve value used to change the
effect of the CRO on C2.
Note:
After the MS completes cell selection, the MS in
idle mode starts the cell reselection process to
select a better serving cell. It is C2 that
determines cell reselection. The principle of MS
reselection is to select the cell with the maximum
C2 value as compared with the serving cell.
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C2 Calculation

C2 calculation is as follows:

C1= (receiving signal level - RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN)

- max(MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH - PL, 0)

C2=C1+CRO-TO*H(PT-T)(PT <31)

C2=C1-CRO (PT = 31)

MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH - PL is the maximum power

output of MS

CRO values can be 0, 1. ...63. The unit is a level

value, corresponding to 0=0dB; 1=2dB; ...63=126dB.
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C2 Calculation

TO values can be 0, 1. ...7

0=0dB; 1=10dB; ...6=60dB; 7=Infinite

CRO values can be 0, 1. ...63. The unit is a level value,

corresponding to 0=0dB; 1=2dB; ...63=126dB.

TO values can be 0, 1. ...7

0=0dB; 1=10dB; ...6=60dB; 7=Infinite

H()=0
H()=1

PT value can be 0, 1. ...31

0=20s; 1=40s; ...30=620s

if PT-T<0
if PT-T>0

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C2 Calculation
T is the timer, starting from zero at the point at which
the cell is placed by the MS on the list of strongest
carriers. T is reset to zero whenever the cell is no
longer on the list of strongest carriers. This will tend
to prevent fast moving MSs from selecting the cell.
This shows that C1 reflects the radio channel quality.
The greater the C1, the better the channel quality. But
the C2 value is manually corrected and can be adjusted
by CRO. Thus, the C2 value can be calculated
accordingly to CRO, TO, and PT so as to reselect the
serving cell. For example, we can set CRO so that the
C2 value of GSM1800 is greater than that in GSM900.
Thus, even in cases that the signal strength in the
GSM1800 cell is lower than that in GSM900, MS still
can reselect GSM1800 cells as serving cell.
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C2 Calculation

Inter-Layer HO Threshold: The threshold for interlayer Hierarchical Handover. This threshold should
satisfy the following requirement: Inter-layer HO
Thrsh. Edge HO RX_LEV Thrsh. + Inter-cell HO
hysteresis. Range 0~63. (-110dBm~-47dBm). Unit: dB

Notes: Make sure that the receiving level of the

destination cell is higher than inter-layer HO
threshold in hierarchical handover or load handover.
Otherwise, MS hands over from large load high level
cell (high priority cell) to small load low level cell (low
priority cell), and MS is disconnected as a result.

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C2 Calculation

Inter-layer HO hysteresis: Indicates the

hysteresis for inter-layer or inter-priority
handover. It is used to avoid inter-layer PingPong handover.
Actual Inter-layer HO Thrsh. of serving cell =
value of Inter-layer HO Thrsh. - Inter-layer
HO hysteresis. Actual Inter-layer HO Thrsh.
of neighboring cell = value of Inter-layer HO
Thrsh. + Inter-layer HO hysteresis.
Range 0~63. unit dB

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16 BIT RULE
The 14th bit: Hierarchical cell structure HO
threshold adjustment bit
Serving cell criterion:
Receive level >= Layer HO threshold - Layer HO
hysteresis 0. At the same time, bit 13th, 12th and
10th5th bits are set to 0
If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14 1.
Example : 20-5 = 15 ( -95 dBm )
Neighbor cell criterion:
Receive level >=Layer HO threshold + Layer HO
hysteresis 0. At the same time, bit 13th, 12th and
10th5th bits are set to 0
If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14 1.
Example : 20+5 = 25 ( -85 dBm )
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TECHNICAL CASES
For example, we can set CRO so that the C2 value of
GSM1800 is greater than that in GSM900. Thus, even
in cases that the signal strength in the GSM1800 cell
is lower than that in GSM900, MS still can reselect
GSM1800 cells as serving cell.
In a dual-band network of configuration S222 it was
observed that sector 3 is highly congested about
5.0% . While congestion rate in the 1800 cell from
analysis is about 0%.

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TECHNICAL CASES
Judgment
Data configuration showed that

Parameter Initial
Value
(900M)
CRO
PT
Interlayer HO
Thresh

0
0
25

Parameter Initial
Value
(1800)
CRO
PT
Interlayer HO
Thresh

5
0
25

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 We can use two approaches to balance the traffic

between the 900M and 1800M.
1.) Increase the CRO of 1800M so that the C2 value of this
cell can stand a chance of being selected in the candidate
list.
2.) Make PT=31, in order to change the effect of the CRO on
C2 for 900M. i.e. C2=C1-CRO. Which implies that bigger
the value of CRO the smaller the value of C2.
You can also reduce the value of Inter-layer HO Threshold
from 25 to 23 of the 1800. This will make the priority of
the cell to be high.

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