SOCIALIZATION

The process in which people learn the

skills, knowledge, values, motives, and

roles that is, culture of the groups to which
they belong or the communities in which
they live
Different cultures use different techniques
to socialize their children There are two
broad types of teaching method;
formal and informal

Formal education
what primarily happens in a classroom
usually is structured
Controlled
directed primarily by adult teachers who
are professional "knowers."

Informal education
can occur anywhere
involves imitation of what others do and
say
experimentation and repetitive practice of
basic skills.
This is what happens when children roleplay adult interactions in their games

Primary and Secondary Socialization

Socialization is divided into two parts;

Primary and Secondary

Primary socialization takes place early in
life, as a child and adolescent
Secondary socialization refers to the
socialization that takes place throughout
one's life, both as a child and as one
encounters new groups that require
additional socialization.

AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
1. FAMILY
Source of emotional support
Acquisition of social positions in the society
Reproduction of a class structure in the next
generation
2. THE SCHOOL
Teach specific knowledge and skills
Teach children to be productive members of society
Transmit culture
Social control and personality development

3. PEER GROUPS
Contribute to sense of belonging and feeling
of self worth.
4. MASS MEDIA
Inform about events
Introduce to a variety of people
Make us aware of products and services
Entertain us

PROFESSIONAL SOCIALIZATION
The process whereby the values and norms of the

profession are internalized into ones own behavior

and concepts of self
The knowledge, skills, attitudes characteristic of
profession are acquired.
From the perspective of professional nursing, the
socialization, process focuses on the provision of
values and behavior basic to the delivery of quality
client care.
Standards for this process are derived from the norms
of service professions and guide the specific role of
professional nurse.

The professional educational concept of the nurse is the

one who:
Defines clients in terms of promoting and maintaining
health.
Views the relationship between the nurse and clients as a
therapeutic and analytic process
Learns technical mastery of procedures and tools from
the aspect of principles guiding their use
Uses critical inquiry and creativity processes to
manipulate knowledge in relation to the clients concerns.
Accepts responsibility and accountability for client care
decisions.

STAGE 2: Labeled recognition of

Incongruity

Students begin to identity articulate and share

their concerns
They learn that they are not alone, peers share the
same concern
STAGE 3: Psyching out and role simulation
The basic cognitive framework for the
internalization of professional nursing values
begins to take shape.
Students begin to identify the behaviors they are
expected to demonstrate and through modeling
begin to practice the behaviors.

STAGES OF PROFESSIONAL SOCIALIZATION

STAGE 1: Initial Innocence
Students enter a professional program with

image of what they expect to become and

how they should act or behave.
Nursing students with service orientation and
expect to look after sick people.
Educational experiences often differ from
what the student expect.
The students may express disssapointment
and frustration and may question their value.

STAGE 4: Psyching out and role

simulation
The basic cognitive framework for the internalization of

professional nursing values begins to take shape.

Students begin to identify the behaviors they are expected
to demonstrate and through modeling begin to practice the
behaviors.
STAGE 5: Provisional Internalization
Students vacillate between commitment to their former
image of nursing and performance of new behaviors
attaches to the professional image.
Factors that increase the students` use of the new
professional image are: an increasing ability to use
professional language, and an increasing identification with
professional role (nursing faculty)

STAGE 6: Stable Internalization

Students` behavior reflects the

educationally and professionally approved

model.
Preparation of the student for the work
setting is only the initial process in
socialization
New values and behaviors continue to be
formed in the work setting.

SOCIALIZATION AND THE STUDENT NURSE

Two stages:

ANTICIPATORY STAGE:

Learning takes place before training begins.

Student makes a research and formulates expectations

about the future career.

(Talk to professionals, find out about the qualifications,

length of training, tasks involved) and if feels
comfortable with expectations a positive decision is
made.

Environment conducive for learning should be provided

Exposure

Occurs immediately training starts and

continues as long as the person is in the
profession.

Student learns to conform to all aspects

of behavior involved and training.

Orientation, guidance and reassurance

is vital at this stage.

SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Normative structures that get the work of the society done
1. FAMILY

DEF: Robertson 1997-

Relatively permanent group of people related by ancestry,

marriage or adoption, who live together and form an

economic unit, whose adult members assume responsibility
for the young.

Duberman: A universal institution whose most important

functions are socializing and nurturing the young

generations.

TYPES OF FAMILIES
1. The family of orientation in to which one is born
2. The family of procreation which is created by

marriage
CHARACTERISTICS OF A FAMILY
Principal source of social control
Primary agent of socialization
major group of people recognized by the community
Usually composed of husband (man) and wife
(woman) and may be children from either cohabiting
or adopted. There may be also grandfather,
grandmother, uncles and aunts.

CONT
The members live together for long
periods of time and are a community
within itself, where relationships are on a
personal basis
FORMS/TYPES OF FAMILIES
There are two forms
Nuclear family
Extended family

NUCLEAR FAMILY
Consists of a conjugal pair (man and

woman) and either offspring sometimes

augmented by other individuals.
THE EXTENDED FAMILY
Any grouping larger than nuclear family

which is related by descent marriage or

adoption

FUNCTIONS OF A FAMILY
There are two main functions of a family
1. To ensure the perpetuation of species
2. Satisfaction of social needs and ensuring

the survival of the individual.

OTHER FUNCTIONS
Economic Functions-There is division of labour
and it provides food and clothing for its
members.
Protective Function: Protection from
violence, diseases and economic factors.

Socializing Function
see to it that their children learn societys
norms, values, beliefs, rules and attitudes.
Other functions include educational,
religious, sexual regulation, recreational,
legal and the choice of marriage partners.
EDUCATION
System that ensures the preservation and
transmission of culture from one
generation to another.

CONT.
Takes place in schools
The structure and organization of educational

institutions depend on the needs of society

and their level of development, hence different
geographical locations.
The environment should be conducive for
learning
Two types of education
Formal
Informal

1. FORMAL EDUCATION
Usually provided by the state/government as a basic

right for all the citizens

Depends of the needs of the society
Formal institutions such as primary and secondary
schools, colleges, polytechnics, universities are
responsible for providing formal education
2. INFORMAL EDUCATION
Begins during infancy and continues to adulthood
and through out life.
Includes all the knowledge and skills(informal)
acquired from society.

FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Classified as primary and secondary

functions

PRIMARY FUNCTIONS
Transmission of accepted values, attitudes and

behavior
Transmission of skills and knowledge
Provision of job security and economic stability

SECONDARY FUNCTIONS
Social/psychological functions
Schools provide opportunities for young people

to interact with teachers and peer groups.

Teachers act as role models.
CUSTODIAL FUNCTIONS
While at school parents can perform other
activities
Children protected from certain elements
Frees young women and men from competing
for jobs with adults

INNOVATIVE FUNCTIONS
Existing cultures are transmitted and new

knowledge is constantly being sort through research

and scientific studies.
POLITICAL FUNCTION
Political system can be maintained.
IMPACT ON HEALTH
The level of education correlates positively with

nutritional status, use of health services and

hygiene in the home.

RELIGION
.Emotional attitude towards the unknown and
uncontrolled
According to Emile Durkheim:
Can be defined as a limited system of beliefs
and practices relative to sacred things,
uniting in to a single moral community all
those who adhere to those beliefs and
practices.
Any religion is made of a combination of
ritual, feelings, belief and organization

CHARACTERISTICS OF RELIGION
Religious belief is a supernatural being which is

sacred and should be worshipped and obeyed

without being questioned.
A supernatural being exist which is more than
man and is scientifically unknowable.
It is a body of practices and beliefs that provide
Followers with mechanism of identifying with
supernatural being and accepting that he is holy
of holies.
Outlines to its members what is moral (good) and
what is immoral (bad)

FUNCTIONS OF RELIGION

Group integration-binds the group together in a

feeling of solidarity
Social control-rules and regulations should be
adhered to.
Stress control-offers some help when it comes to
treating certain diseases through prayer and other
rituals.
HUMANITARIAN FUNCTION
Offers humanitarian services for the society,
schools and hospitals.

HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF RELIGION

Some religious affiliations prohibits

members from using contraceptives which

may lead to unwanted pregnancies
The practice of post mortem is against
some religious beliefs.
Religious beliefs with regard to food taboos
can lead to health problems
Religious faith can help some people
through tough times(illness, )

CONT.
Some religious beliefs reject
administration of blood transmissions,
which may
Lead to complications in emergency
situations