STOKER FIRING

Presented
By
Naveen .E

Stoker Boiler
Purpose of the Stoker

Can fire low calorific coal and bio-mass fuels

Using chain grate we can remove ash continuously

Operate in balanced draft

Difference Between Stoker

boiler to other boilers

Combustion(Stoker) Bed
Combustion Air Supply System
Fuel Preparation
Fuel Feeder
Ash Content
Ash Removal

Fuel Types
COAL

A wide range of coal types having either high or

low fusion temperatures can be burned.
Coal sizing affects stoker operation
The normal size of the coal particles are 3/4"
Using spreader feeders we can adjust coal sizing.
When coal fines is smaller than 16 mesh (0.10"), it
increases fly ash.
But using precipitators or bag houses can handle
the fly ash from spreader stokers

Refuse Fuels
A spreader stoker is an excellent combustor of
cellulose waste such as:
Wood(Shredded Trees to Sawdust)
Garbage (Refuse Derived Fuel)
Bagasse (Sugar Cane Residue)
Industrial Residue (Paper, Plastics, Wood)

GRATE

Purpose of grate
To burn high ash coal
Baggase & Bio-mass fuels
Selection of grate
Depends on coal properties and
its performance

Fuel Feeders
To approach

even energy release, it is necessary to

have fuel feeder/distributors which will evenly feed
the fuel over the entire grate surface.
These feeder/distributors can be mechanical,
pneumatic or a combination of both.
They must be placed across the width of the front
of the stoker in sufficient quantity to achieve even
distribution
The fuel feeder/distributors plays a major role to
operate at lowest emissions and highest combustion
efficiency.

CLASSIFICATION OF STOKER FEEDERS

OVERFEED STOKERS: The coal is fed into the
grate above the point of air admission, mainly two
types:
Traveling grate stoker
Spreader stoker.

UNDERFEED STOKERS: The coal is fed into the

grate below the point of air admissions, and suitable
for non-clinkering, high volatile coals.

TRAVELING-GRATE STOKER BOILER

Coal is burnt on
moving steel
grate
Coal gate
controls coal
feeding rate
Uniform coal
size for complete
combustion

CHAIN AND TRAVELLING GRATE

STOKER

It consists of an endless chain which supports the fuel bed.

The chain travels over two sprockets

Coal is fed on one end of the chain grate through coal hopper.

The air required for combustion enters through the air inlets
situated below the grate

Coal must be uniform in size otherwise large lumps will not

burn completely.

Stokers are used for burning high volatile ash coals.

SPREADER STOKER

SPREADER STOKERS
Coal is first burnt in suspension over the
coal bed and spreading the coal in entire
bed area
Flexibility to meet load fluctuations
Mostly used in many industrial
applications

Types of Feeder: Chain Type-OT

The motor can be either DC utilizing an SCR control system or AC

utilizing a variable frequency device.

The overthrow rotor which is used to distribute the coal in the

furnace from the feeder is driven by a rotor drive through a variable

speed drive.

This variable speed drive is manually controlled and is used to

adjust the longitudinal distribution of coal over the grates.

The functions of the metering drive and the rotor drive are not

interrelated.

The function of the metering drive is to deliver a regulated supply

of fuel to the furnace in accordance to boiler load while that of the

rotor drive is to maintain good distribution of the fuel over the grates.

Chain Type - UT

The difference between the two is the method of

distributing the coal in the furnace.

Rotor speed is not enough when the percent of coal

smaller than 1/4" is very high.

Pneumatic assist has been found to be helpful in

distributing fine coal to the rear of the furnace without
excessive rotor speeds.

Air Swept Spout

 Both

mechanical rotor devices and air swept spout type

devices have been utilized to feed refuse fuels into a
combustion chamber.
Today the air swept spout is used almost universally for this
purpose.
They are lower maintenance with higher availability than the
mechanical distributor.
Good distribution of the fuel over the grates can be achieved.

Vibrating Grate

Vibrating grate application has been for

small and medium sized spreader stoker
fired boilers.

A timing device creates dwell time and

vibrating time changing with boiler
load.

Units having more than one module in

width are vibrated separately rather than
in unison.

Refuse such as wood or bagasse is

burned successfully on an air cooled
vibrating grate stoker.

The low ash in wood or bagasse

means that the grate needs to vibrate
infrequently.

The fuel bed is quiescent without slag

so the vibrating action readily moves
the ash.

Coal Combustion

Refuse Combustion

STOKER FIRING : ADVANTAGES

Generally
Can

less building space is necessary.

be used for small or large boiler units.

Very

reliable and maintenance charges are

reasonably low.

Cheaper

grade of fuel is used.

Minimum
Less

auxiliary plants.

smoke produced.

Higher

efficiency attained.

STOKER FIRING : DISADVANTAGE

With very large units, initial cost may be higher
than pulverized fuel firing system.

Construction is complicated.

Sudden variations in the steam demand cannot be

met.

Bowing and clinkering of water walls are

experienced.

Thank You.