Energy Engineering

2012-CH-428
Chemical Engineering Dept.
MNS-UET, Multan

CONTENTS

What is Hydropower

History of hydropower

Types of Hydropower

Hydroelectric power plant

Turbines (the heart of the hydropower plant)

Generator

Advantages and disadvantages of hydropower

Hydropower in Pakistan

WHAT IS HYDROPOWER?

Hydropower is the power that is generated from the

energy of moving water, as the word shows the
meaning hydro mean water.

it is a renewable source of energy. It is constantly

being filled by water cycle specifically precipitation.

HISTORY OF HYDROPOWER

Ancient farmer use water wheels (hydropower) to grind wheat into

flour

In early 1800s, American and Europeans factories make use of water

wheels to run machines

In the late 1900s, the hydropower used for the production of

electricity

Water wheels and mills are used for irrigation and mining

Hydropower was the foremost source of energy for new inventions

In the 1830s, the hydropower provided the energy for transportation

up and down steep hills

In 1848, the turbine was created, improving the water wheels and
mills. Turbines are specific to each sight

The first hydroelectric power plant was built in 1879 at Niagara Falls

TYPES OF HYDROPOWER
There are many types of hydropower, but the most
important ones are:
1.
2.
3.

Hydroelectric power plant

Tidal energy
Waves energy

. But

here we discuss only hydroelectric power plant

HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT

The objective of a hydropower scheme is to
convert the potential energy of a mass of
water, flowing in a stream with a certain fall to
the turbine (termed the "head"), into electric
energy at the lower end of the scheme, where
the powerhouse is located. The power output
from the scheme is proportional to the flow
and to the head.

PARTS OF HYDROPOWER PLANT

The parts of hydropower plant are given below:
1. Reservoir
2. Dams
3. Intake
4. Penstock
5. Turbines
6. Generators
7. Transformers

THE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF

HYDROPOWER PLANT

RESERVOIR AND DAMS

A large natural or artificial lake used as a source of

water supply.
A barrier constructed to hold back water and raise
its level, the resulting reservoir being used in the
generation of electricity or as a water supply is
called Dam.

INTAKE AND PENSTOCK

A

water intake must be able to divert the required

amount of water into a power canal or into a
penstock without producing a negative impact on
the local environment.
The way used to conveying water from intake to the
turbine. The water in the reservoir has stored
energy. Which in the form of kinetic energy while
moving through the penstock reaches the turbine.

TURBINES
A machine for producing continuous power in
which a wheel or rotor, typically fitted with
vanes, is made to revolve by a fast-moving
flow of water, steam, gas, air, or other fluid. It
is also called the heart of the power plant
because the efficiency of hydropower plant
depends on the turbine efficiency.

TYPES OF TURBINES
The following types of turbines are mostly
used in hydropower plant:
1. Kaplan turbines
2. Francis turbines
3. Pelton turbines

KAPLAN TURBINES
Low

head (from 70 meter and down

to 5 meter)
Large flow rates
The runner vanes can be governed
Good efficiency over a vide range

FRANCIS
TURBINES
Heads

between
15 and 700 m.
Medium Flow
Rates
Good efficiency
= 0.96 for
modern
machines

PELTON
TURBINES
Large

heads (from
100 meter to 1800
meter)
Relatively small
flow rate
Maximum of 6
nozzles
Good efficiency
over a vide range

COMPARISON OF TURBINES
THE EFFICIENCY OF FRANCIS TURBINE IS
MAXIMUM.

GENERATOR
A

thing that generates something, in particular.

A dynamo or similar machine for converting
mechanical energy into electricity.
The basic process of generating electricity in this
manner is to rotate a series of magnets inside coils
of wire. This process moves electrons, which
produces electrical current.

ADVANTAGES OF HYDROPOWER
Least

expensive method to produce electricity

Flowing water is free and renewable for water cycle
It can be controlled easily
Wastes less energy produce mean no harmful gases
or other waste product form
Dams controls floods and water supply
Dependable and last long
Maintenance cost is very low

DISADVANTAGES OF
HYDROPOWER PLANT
Have

large capital cost

Water quality can be degraded as the hydro
plant blends in dissolved salts
It can increase silting, water temperature
and lower the amount of dissolved oxygen in
water

HYDROPOWER IN PAKISTAN

Pakistan is a country having abundant hydropower

resources and the Government is keenly facilitating
private investors to promote hydropower generation
in the Country. Pakistan is endowed with hydropower
resources of about 60000 MW, almost all of which lie
in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit-Baltistan, Punjab
and Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJ&K).
History of hydropower development in Pakistan
starts from 1925 with the construction of 1 MW
Renala Khurd Hydropower Project now in District
Okara Punjab.

HYDROPOWER PLANT IN
PAKISTAN
After a decade, 1.7 MW Jaban (Malakand-I)
hydropower Project was built which was later
upgraded to a 20 MW capacity. Subsequently, in
1953, Dargai (Malakand-II) hydropower Project was
commissioned. At the time of independence, Pakistan
inherited a very small power base of only 60 MW
capacity for its 31.5 million people. At the time of
creation of WAPDA in 1958, the country's total
hydropower capacity was enhanced to 119 MW. With
the signing of Indus Basin Water Treaty in 1960,
Pakistan was entitled to use 142 MAF (Indus 93,
Jhelum 23 and Chenab 26) of surface water.
Subsequently, 240 MW Warsak, 1000 MW Mangla and
3478 MW Tarbela Hydropower Projects

RESOURCES OF HYDROPOWER
IN PAKISTAN