Turbine &

Generator

R.Rajendra kum

INTRODUCTION
Steam turbine is a machine which derives its energy of rotation due to conversion of the Heat energy of the steam into kinetic energy when it expands through a series of nozzles mounted on the casing
or by the fixed blades

WORKING PRINCIPLE

Steam in

Force F

Steam out

CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINE

Based on the action of steam
Based on the heat balance arrangement
Based on steam condition at inlet to turbine
Based on shaft arrangement
Based on direction of steam flow

COMPONENTS OF STEAM TURBINE

o CASING
o ROTORS
o BLADES
o TURNING GEAR
o COUPLINGS

CASING OF STEAM TURBINE

Turbine casing is an outer cover of the turbine which has capability to withstand
The maximum pressure and temperature Produced within it.
The cylinder must be extremely stiff in Longitudinal direction to avoid bending

CASING

ROTOR OF STEAM TURBINE

Rotor is a rotating device where the moving
blades are mounted in it and the extended
Shaft is coupled to the generator
ROTOR
Hollow drum rotor
Solid drum rotor
Built up rotor
Welded rotor

FACTOR :

Critical speed

Moving blade

BLADES OF STEAM TURBINE

Its the component which is responsible for
Actuating the rotor

SHROUD

AERO FOIL
TRAILLING EDGE

ROOT

AERO FOIL
LEADING EDGE

TURNING GEAR FOR STEAM TURBINE

Turning gear is a device provided
To rotate the turbine shaft slowly
During the pre startup and shut down

Chain drive

Meshing motor

Control valve
PURPOSE :
To prevent the uneven heating
And cooling of shaft which may
Lead to misalignment and bending
Of shaft
Meshing lever

Meshing hand wheel

Turbo generator shaft

COUPLINGS FOR STEAM TURBINE

In turbines we are making use of three types of couplings

1.Flexible coupling capable of absorbing small angular misalignments

& axial movement.

Claw coupling

Bibby coupling up to medium sizes, provides torsional resilience

Multi tooth transmits torque by internal & external gear teeth ,

curved to accommodate angular misalignment.

Contd .

SEMI FLEXIBLE COUPLING

mainly used b/w turbine& generator. It needs no lubrications
RIGID COUPLINGS
These are used at a high torque places, joined by number of fitted
bolts.

SYSTEMS OF STEAM TURBINE

TURBINE SYSTEM

GOVERNING

OIL SYSTEM

GLAND SYSTEM

CONDENSATE

GOVERNING SYSTEM
PURPOSE :
To maintain the speed of the turbine during fluctuation of load on the generator by
Varying steam input to the turbine to produce the Electricity at 50Hz frequency

GOVERNING

MAJOR COMPONENTS
Speed governor with pilot valve
Speeder gear or Load- speed changer
Load limiting gear

TURBINE OIL SYSTEM

PURPOSE :
To create oil wedge in the journal while rotating
To maintain the temp of bearings
Medium for a hydraulically operating governor gear
Sealing medium for hydrogen cooled generators

Main oil pump

Starting oil pump

MAIN
COMPONENTS

Oil tank
Drain valve

A.C Lub oil pump

Oil pressure drop relay

D.C.Emergency oil pump

Oil Coolers

GLAND SYSTEM
PURPOSE :
To prevent or reduce the leakage of steam or air between rotating and
Stationary components which have a pressure difference across them
Even though various glands systems are there in recent we are using
LABYRINTH GLAND

STAGERED

RESILIENT

VERNIER

AXIAL SHIFT
MOVABLE
BASE PLATE

BP

FIXED

MOVABLE
BASE PLATE

HP

BP

THRUST BEARING

FIXED

BEARING PED,

IP

BP

LP

BEARING PED,

BP

GEN

AXIAL SHIFT

Thrust bearings are provided in the front bearing pedestal

of HP & IP turbines.
This pedestals are free to slide on the baseplate .
The rotor expansion of IP & HP moves towards the
front bearing pedestal of HP.
The movable baseplate accommodate the axial shift
of the HP & IP rotor.
BP BASE PLATE

EXIT TO TURBINE

GENERATOR

The machine which generates alternating currents is known as an alternator,

also called as synchronous generator

or

The machine which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy

WORKING PRINCIPLE
Alternator works under the principle of FARADAYS LAW of
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Whenever the conductor cuts the magnetic flux then some emf induced in the generator,
A.C generator commonly called as alternator - no commutators
MAIN COMPOPNENTS
Stator

Contains 3 armature windings

Rotor

Contains field windings

SYSTEM
Excitation system
Cooling system
Protection system

STATOR
The stator is the component that contains :
o Armature core
o Armature winding
Its totally enclosed gas tight fabricated structure

CORE
It contains large number of core sections (packets)
Its size approximately 0.35mm 0.5mm
These packets are used for cooling of the core by hydrogen

STATOR

Contd .

WINDINGS
It has 3 armature windings provided

Stator core carries the armature winding where the voltage is generated due to
Electro magnetic induction

Each stator conductor must be capable of carrying the rated current without over
Heating and the insulation must be sufficient to prevent the leakage current flowing
Between the phases to earth
Windings for the stator are made up from copper strips with insulated tape

ROTOR
The rotor caries the field winding

Silver bearing copper (containing 0.03 0.1% of silver) is used for the windings with mica
As the insulation between the conductors

It revolves in higher speed

There is a hole through out the length, for cooling purpose.

To the other end of the rotor exciter is coupled.

TYPES OF ALTERNATOR
Revolving armature type

(stator)

It has stationary field poles and stator rotating type

only used for small KVA capacity and low voltage rating

Revolving field type

(rotor)

It has stationary stators and rotor will rotates

Most of the alternators are used revolving field type

TYPES OF ALTERNATOR

Contd .

ADVANTAGES OF REVOLVING FIELD (ROTOR)

Field has less weight

The stator ( armature) winding must be insulated for a high voltage

( armature winding is easily insulated up to 30 KV)

The load currents are easily taken out from the fixed terminal of stator

OTHER TYPES OF ALTERNATOR

Based on construction :
Salient pole alternator

o This type of alternators are used where the prime mover is capable of running at slow speed
o This prime mover ranges between 120 rpm to 600 rpm
o This type of alternator has higher number of poles so speed of the alternator is low
Non salient pole type

o This type of alternator are used where the prime mover is capable of running at high speed
o Speed ranges above 1000 rpm
o Normally two or four poles are used

EXCITATION

The rotor generates magnetite field ,a direct current supply is Required to energies the winding and
the rotor ,this is usually supplied by the direct current Generator known as an excitator

It may be directly coupled to the rotor shaft or through a gear box

EXCITATION

D.C SYSTEM

RECTIFIED A.C SYSTEM

( BY USING THYRISTOR)

EXCITATION

Contd .

In modern developments is to replace the D.C generator with an A.C. generator, the out put of
Which is passed through rectifiers to give a D.C supply to the rotor windings

other method is to tap A.C from generator terminals and then rectify through thyristor
And supplied

Cooling
The excitor is air cooled
The hot air is cooled in two coolers arranged to the sides of excitors
The excitors receives the cool air from the fan and passes inside the exciters

INDUCED VOLTAGE
The rotating field flux cuts the three phase armature winding of the alternator .
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f
EMF/ phase = 4.44 f t volts
EMF/ line = 3 * 4.44 f t volts

Flux per pole

Frequency of the induced emf

Turns per phase

SPEED OF ALTERNATOR
The speed of the alternator depends on poles and frequency
N = 120f / p
P = no of poles
F = frequency of generator

In Indian standard the frequency is 50 Hz (CONSTANT)

The frequency tolerance + or 5% that is 47.5 to 52.5

LOSSES IN ALTERNATOR
Alternator under working & stationary condition and following losses are occurred
o Core loss
o Copper loss
o Armature copper loss
o Field copper loss
o Mechanical loss
o Frictional loss

COOLING OF ALTERNATOR
NEED :
Many losses are occurred in the alternator , these losses are converted into heat so
temperature of the machine increases so cooling is adopted

METHODS : :
Open system using air
Air is taken from the atmosphere and passes through the machine by using pump
This method only used up to 3MW
Hydrogen cooling
Hydrogen is passed through a alternator by using pump
For large capacity machine used only hydrogen cooling method
This method Is best one

COOLING OF ALTERNATOR

Contd .

This system is capable of performing the following functions :

Filling in and purging out of hydrogen safely with out bringing any contact with air
Automatic maintenance of hydrogen gas pressure inside the generator
Indication to the operator about the condition of the gas inside the generator that is
Pressure , temperature and purity
Indication of liquid level in generator and alarm in case of high level
CONDITION :
The hydrogen must be pure one
The complete machine should be designed with gas tighten casing with proper seals
ADVANTAGES :
Reduction of noises because the machine runs in gas tighten casing

EFFICENCY OF ALTERNATOR

EFFICENCY = Output / (Output+ LOSSES)

= KVA * PF / (( KVA * PF) + LOSSES)

POWER FACTOR = THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE VOLT & CURRENT

FAULTS IN ALTERNATOR
FAILURE OF PRIME MOVER

FAILURE OF EXCITORS

FAILURE OF INSULATION IN WINDINGS

INTER PHASE SHORT CIRCUIT

OVER VOLTAGE

INTER TURNS FAULTS IN STATOR

Thank you