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Embryonic Tissue
3 major germ layers that form the embryonic disc (source of stem cells)
Endoderm
Inner layer
Forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives
Mesoderm
Middle layer
Forms tissues as such muscle, bone, blood vessels
Ectoderm
Outer layer
Forms skin and neuroectoderm
I. Epithelial Tissue
Cellularity - Consists almost
entirely of cells
Covers body surfaces, lines
hollow organs, and forms glands
Outside surface of the body
Lining of digestive, respiratory
and urogenital systems
Heart and blood vessels
Linings of many body cavities
Functions of Epithelia
Protecting underlying structures; e.g.,
epithelium lining the mouth
Acting as barriers; e.g., skin
Permitting the passage of substances;
e.g., cells lining air sacs in lungs and
nephrons in kidney
Secreting substances; e.g., pancreatic
cells
Absorbing substances; e.g., lining of
stomach and small intestine
Special Characteristics of
Epithelia
Figure 4.1
Classification of
Epithelium
Number of layers of cells
Simple- one layer of cells. Each extends
from basement membrane to the free
surface
Stratified- more than one layer.
Pseudostratified- tissue appears to be
stratified, but all cells contact basement
membrane so it is in fact simple
Shape of cells
Squamous- flat, scale-like
Cuboidal- about equal in height and width
Columnar- taller than wide
Classifications of Epithelia
Simple Squamous
Epithelium
Figure 4.3a
Simple Cuboidal
Epithelium
Figure 4.3b
Simple Columnar
Epithelium
Figure 4.3c
Pseudostratified Ciliated
Columnar Epithelium
Figure 4.3d
Stratified Epithelia
Stratified Squamous
Epithelium
Description
Many layers of cells squamous in
shape
Deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal
or columnar
Thickest epithelial tissue adapted for
protection
Stratified Squamous
Epithelium
Specific types
Keratinized contain the protective
protein keratin
Surface cells are dead and full of keratin
Stratified Squamous
Epithelium
Function Protects underlying tissues
in areas subject to abrasion
Location
Keratinized forms epidermis
Non-keratinized forms lining of
esophagus, mouth, and vagina
Stratified Squamous
Epithelium
Figure 4.3e
Transitional Epithelium
Figure 4.3h
Epithelium: Glandular
A gland is one or more cells that makes and
secretes an aqueous fluid
Two types of glands formed by infolding of
epithelium:
Endocrine: no contact with exterior of body; ductless;
produce hormones (pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas)
Exocrine: open to exterior of body via ducts (sweat, oil)
Multicellular Exocrine
Glands
Integral proteins of
adjacent
cells fuse together
Completely encircle the
cell
and form an adhesion
belt.
Form an impermeable
junction.
Membrane Junctions:
Desmosome
Linker proteins extend from
plaque like teeth of a zipper.
Intermediate filaments
extend across width of cell.
Figure 3.5b
Connective Tissue
Most diverse and abundant tissue
Main classes
Characteristics
Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin
(mesenchyme derived from mesoderm)
Varying degrees of vascularity
Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of
ground substance and fibers
Cells are not as abundant nor as tightly packed
together as in epithelium
Figure 4.5
2. Ground substance
3.
Protein fibers
Collagen fibers. Composed of the protein collagen.
Strong, flexible, inelastic; great tensile strength
(i.e. resist stretch). Perfect for tendons, ligaments
Elastic fibers. Contain molecules of protein elastin
that resemble coiled springs. Returns to its original
shape after stretching or compression. Perfect for
lungs, large blood vessels
Reticular fibers. Formed from fine collagenous
fibers; form branching networks (stroma). Fill
spaces between tissues and organs.
Ground Substance
Interstitial (tissue) fluid within which are one or more
of the molecules listed below:
Hyaluronic acid: a polysaccharide. Very slippery;
serves as a good lubricant for joints. Common in
most connective tissues.
Proteoglycans: protein and polysaccharide
complex. Polysaccharides called
glyocosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate, keratin
sulfate). Protein part attaches to hyaluronic acid.
Able to trap large amounts of water.
Adhesive molecules: hold proteoglycan
aggregates together. Chondronectin in cartilage,
osteonectin in bone, fibronectin in fibrous
connective tissue.
Functions as a molecular sieve through which
nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
Embryonic Connective
Tissue
Mesenchyme: source
of all adult connective
tissue.
Derived from mesoderm
Delicate collagen fibers
embedded in semifluid
matrix
Figure 4.12b
Adipose Tissue
Figure 4.12c
Reticular Connective
Tissue
Figure 4.12d
Figure 4.12e
Figure 4.12f
Connective Tissue:
Cartilage
Composed of chondrocytes (cells) located in matrix-
Hyaline Cartilage
Figure 4.12g
Elastic Cartilage
Figure 4.12h
Fibrocartilage
Figure 4.12i
Bone Tissue
Figure 4.12j
Blood Tissue
Figure 4.12k
Muscle Tissue
Characteristics
Cells are referred to as fibers
Contracts or shortens with force when
stimulated
Moves entire body and pumps blood
Types
Skeletal:attached to bones
Cardiac: muscle of the heart.
Smooth: muscle associated with
tubular structures and with the skin.
Nonstriated and involuntary.
Figure 4.14a
Figure 4.14b
Figure 4.14c
Nervous Tissue
Figure 4.15