Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Defense Mechanisms
Identification Projection
Denial
Reaction Formation
Displacement Regression
Rationalization Repression
Withdrawal
Emotion Regulation
Claire Kopp (1989)
Dealing with emotions in a socially
acceptable ways
Western societies expect children to inhibit
the display of some emotions such as:
anger and distress
affection and joy
sensuality and sexual curiosity
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Developmental Conflicts
(Autonomy vs. Shame)
(Initiative vs. Guilt)
Compliance
Autonomy
Mastery and Competence
Guilt
Shame
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Guilt
Shame
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Erik Erikson
Resolving the Conflicts
Autonomy-vs.-Shame
Early Part of Preschool Years
(18 months 3 years)
Children either become more independent
and autonomous if their parents
encourage exploration and freedom.
They can experience shame and self-doubt
if they are restricted and overprotected.
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Erik Erikson
Resolving the Conflicts
Initiative- vs.-Guilt
(age 3-age 6)
Children view of themselves undergoes major
change as they face conflicts between the desire
to act independently of their parents and the
guilt that comes from the unintended
consequences of their actions.
Parents who react positively can help their children
avoid experiencing guilt.
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Prosocial Behavior
Reward and Punishment
Role Playing (acting out roles to see
things from the other persons point of
view)
Induction (children are given reasons for
behaving in a positive way)
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Madsens Game
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Boys
Rough-and tumble play
Produce a lot of noise
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Make-Belief Play
Imaginary Companions
They help children deal with fears , provide
companionship during periods of loneliness, and
provide reassurance.
Research indicates that 65% of young children
have imaginary companions.
They seem to help children social skills and
practice conversations.
Children who are adept at imagination may be
better at mastering symbolic representation in
the real world.
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Characteristics of Popular
Behavior in Kindergarten
Initiate activity
Sensitive to the needs of others
Dont force themselves on other children
Content to play alongside other children
Possess strategies for maintaining friendships
Show helpful behavior
Are Good at maintaining communication
Are good at sharing information
Are responsive to suggestions
Possess strategies for conflict resolution
They are less likely to use aggression
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Self-Concept
Young children tend to describe
themselves in terms of their physical
characteristics, possessions, or activities.
The tendency to describe themselves in
terms of social connections increases.
If a child is called Bad Buster, he is going
to make a conscious effort to maintain his
reputation (fitting into the label)
Children tend to imitate their parents.
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Components of Self-esteem
1- Self-awareness
Who Am I?
2- Self-worth
What Can I Do?
3-Socialization
Are They Going to Like Me?
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Male
Are born slightly longer and
heavier
As toddlers, boys are more
aggressive
There are no consistent
difference in sociability,
self-esteem, analytical
skill, or motivation to
achieve
Female
Newborn girls have slightly
more mature skeletons
They are a bit more
responsive to touch
Have a single edge in verbal
abilities
Actual differences
between boys and girls
are actually small, and
there is considerable
overlap between the
sexes.
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Gender
Identity
2 to 5
years
Gender
Constancy
5 to 7
Years
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1- Biological Perspective
Inborn biological factors produce gender
differences
Androgens (male hormones)
Corpus Callosum (the human brain)
Sex-Linked Disorders
Klinefelter Syndrome (males XXY, XXXY, XXXXY)
Superfemal Syndrome (females XXX, XXXX, XXXXX)
Supermale Syndrom (in males XYY, XYYY, XYYYY)
Turners Syndrome (in females XO)
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2- Psychoanalysis Perspective
Gender development is the result of
moving through a series of stages
related to biological urges.
Phallic Stage
Oedipal Complex
Identification
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4- Cognitive Perspective
Through the use of gender schemas, developed early
in life, preschoolers form a lens through which they
view the world. They use their increasing cognitive
abilities to develop rules about what is appropriate
for males and females.
Gender schema/gender identity
Gender consistency (ages 4-5)
Sandra Ben likes to encourage children to be
androgynous (A state in which gender roles encompass
characteristics thought typical of both sexes)
Is it a good idea?
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Yes
Asian Societies
Collective Orientation
Asian Societies tend to have collective
orientation, promoting the notion of
interdependence.
People in these cultures tend to see
themselves as parts of a larger social
network in which they are interconnected
with others.
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Western Societies
Individualistic Orientation
Children in Western cultures are more
likely to develop an independent view of
self, reflecting an individualistic
orientation that emphasizes personal
identity and the uniqueness of the
individual.
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Morality
Piaget
Heteronomous Morality is the initial stage of
moral development in which rules are seen as
invariant and unchangeable.
From age 4-7, children play games rigidly,
assuming that there is one, and only one way to
play.
Example: Daddy invented the game of marbles
At this stage, children do not take intention into
account. They believe in immanent justice, a
notion that broken rules earn immediate
punishment.
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V- Family Dynamics
Parenting Styles
1- Authoritative Parents
2- Authoritarian Parents
3- Permissive Parents
4- Indifferent Parents
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Parenting Styles
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Permissive Parents
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Authoritarian parent
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Tend to produce
children who are:
Withdrawn
Fearful
Dependent
Moody
Unassertive
Irritable
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Tend to produce
children who are:
Rebellious
Aggressive
Self-indulgent
Socially inept
Creative
Outgoing
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Tend to produce
children who are :
Self-reliant
Self-controlled
Socially competent
With high selfesteem
Do better in school
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Child Abuse
1- Physical Abuse
2- Psychological Abuse
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Explanation of Abuse
Psychiatric Explanations
Sociological Explanations
Situational Explanations
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Discipline
Rules
Following Through
Consequences
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