Prepared by:

BARAKA
NEEMA
GWANSE
 DEFINITION
An expert system is a computer program that simulates
the judgment and behavior of a human or an organization
that has expert knowledge and experience in a particular
field.

Expert systems are computerized tools designed to

enhance the quality and availability of knowledge required
by decision makers in a wide range of industries.

An expert system is software that attempts to reproduce

the performance of one or more human experts, most
commonly in a specific problem domain, and is a
traditional application and/or subfield of artificial
intelligence.

2
 DEFINITION Cont.
Expert Systems are simply custom-written computer programs that are
"expert" in some narrow problem area, and embody (to a certain extent) a true
human expert's knowledge, experience and problem-solving strategies.

are computer programs that are derived from a branch of computer science
research called Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI's scientific goal is to understand
intelligence by building computer programs that exhibit intelligent behavior.

AI (pronounced AYE-EYE) or artificial intelligence is the simulation of

human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems.

3
 DEFINITION Cont.
Every expert system consists of two principal parts: the
knowledge base; and the reasoning or inference engine.

 The knowledge base of expert systems contains both

factual and heuristic knowledge.

 Factual knowledge is that knowledge of the task

domain that is widely shared, typically found in
textbooks or journals, and commonly agreed upon by
those knowledgeable in the particular field.
 Heuristic knowledge is the less rigorous, more
experiential, more judgmental knowledge of
performance. In contrast to factual knowledge, heuristic
knowledge is rarely discussed, and is largely
individualistic.

4
 It is the knowledge of good practice, good
judgment, and plausible reasoning in the
field. It is the knowledge that underlies the
"art of good guessing.“
 Knowledge representation formalizes and organizes the
knowledge. One widely used representation is the production
rule, or simply rule. A rule consists of an IF part and a THEN
part (also called a condition and an action). The IF part lists a
set of conditions in some logical combination. The piece of
knowledge represented by the production rule is relevant to
the line of reasoning being developed if the IF part of the rule
is satisfied; consequently, the THEN part can be concluded,
or its problem-solving action taken. Expert systems whose
knowledge is represented in rule form are called rule-based
systems.

5
 APPLICATIONS.
Expert systems are designed and created to facilitate tasks in the fields of:

accounting
– medicine
– process control
– financial service
– production
– human resources
–
A good example of application of expert systems in banking area is expert systems for mortgages. Loan departments are interested in expert systems for mortgages because of the
growing cost of labour which makes the handling and acceptance of relatively small loans less profitable.

6
 APPLICATION Cont.
They also see in the application of expert systems a
possibility for standardized, efficient handling of mortgage
loan, and appreciate that for the acceptance of mortgages
there are hard and fast rules which do not always exist
with other types of loans.

Expert systems, use human knowledge to solve problems

that normally would require human intelligence.

These expert systems represent the expertise knowledge

as data or rules within the computer. These rules and data
can be called upon when needed to solve problems.

7
 APPLICATION Cont.
Expert Systems can generally be used in problem
areas that:

do not require common sense to solve

are well understood
data that is input to the expert system can be
described objectively
Human expertise is scarce
Expertise needed in many locations, or in
hostile environments
there are considerable advantages in reaching
an accurate answer quickly

8
 APPLICATION Cont.
This program knowledge is often embedded as part of the programming code, so that as the knowledge
changes, the program has to be changed and then rebuilt.

Knowledge-based systems collect the small fragments of human know-how into a knowledge-base which is
used to reason through a problem, using the knowledge that is appropriate.

A different problem, within the domain of the knowledge-base, can be solved using the same program without
reprogramming. The ability of these system to explain the reasoning process through back-traces and to handle
levels of confidence and uncertainty provides an additional feature that conventional programming don't handle.

9
 DEVELOPMENT OF ES
Most expert systems are developed via specialized
software tools called shells. These shells come
equipped with an inference mechanism (backward
chaining, forward chaining, or both), and require
knowledge to be entered according to a specified
format (all of which might lead some to categorize
OPS5 as a shell).

They typically come with a number of other

features, such as tools for writing hypertext, for
constructing friendly user interfaces, for
manipulating lists, strings, and objects, and for
interfacing with external programs and databases.
10
 DEVELOPMENT Cont.

These shells qualify as languages, although

certainly with a narrower range of application than
most programming languages. For more detailed
information on expert system shells, see the
"Expert System Shells at Work" series by
Schmuller PC AI, (1991, 1992).

11
 Types of problems solved by ES
Expert systems are most valuable to organizations
that have a high-level of know-how experience and
expertise that cannot be easily transferred to other
members. They are designed to carry the
intelligence and information found in the intellect of
experts and provide this knowledge to other
members of the organization for problem-solving
purposes.
Typically, the problems to be solved are of the sort
that would normally be tackled by a medical or other
professional. Real experts in the problem domain
(which will typically be very narrow, for instance
"diagnosing skin conditions in human teenagers")
are asked to provide "rules of thumb" on how they
evaluate the problems, either explicitly with the aid
of experienced systems developers.

12
Problems that are solved by ES Cont.
Generally, expert systems are used for problems
for which there is no single "correct" solution which
can be encoded in a conventional algorithm — one
would not write an expert system to find shortest
paths through graphs, or sort data, as there are
simply easier ways to do these tasks.

Simple systems use simple true/false logic to

evaluate data. more sophisticated systems are
capable of performing at least some evaluation,
taking into account real-world uncertainties, using
such methods as fuzzy logic. Such sophistication
is difficult to develop and still highly imperfect.

13
 14

THANK YOU