Clinical biomechanics in

implant dentistry

Presented by
S.Santhosh
PG student
Dept. of prosthodontics

INTRODUCTION

IN THIS NEW
ERA
DIAGNOSIS

BIOMECHANICS
TREATMENT PLANING

FINAL RESTORATION

 Biomechanics is concerned with the

response of biological tissues to
applied loads
It uses the tools and methods of
applied engineering mechanics to
search for structure-function
relationship in living materials

Forces
Compressive
Tensile
shear

 AL- AXIAL LOADING

LL- LATERAL
LOADING
OL- OBLIQUE
LOADING

 Compressive forces tend to maintain

the integrity of bone implant
interface
Shear and tensile stress however
tend to disrupt the interface
Cortical bone is strongest in
compression and weakest in shear

Implant geometry

Stress
The manner in which a force is
distributed over a surface is referred
to as mechanical stress
Stress = Force
Area

 Stress depends on two factors: force

and cross sectional area
Force cant be controlled but the
magnitude of force can be controlled.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Cantilever length
Offset loads
Crown height
Night guards
Occlusal material

Functional cross sectional area can be

increased
by:
1. Increase the number of implant for
an edentulous site
2. Selecting wider and longer implant
thereby increasing the surface area

Strain
Deformation as a result of a load
applied is strain

Stress- strain relationship

Modulus of elasticity
Youngs modulus= stress

strain
Cortical bone is 5 times
more flexible than titanium
As the stress magnitude
increases, elastic modulus
difference increases
The bone can stay in
contact with titanium more
predictably when stress is
low

Torque

Anterior impact area

Force delivery and failure

mechanism
MOMENT LOADS:
The moment of a force around a
point produces rotation or bending
about that point
It is given by product of force times
the perpendicular distance point of
interest to the line of action of force

Clinical moment arms

Occlusal height
Cantilever length
Occlusal width

Occlusal height
Acts as moment arm for forces
directed along bucco lingual axis
1. Balancing and working
contacts
2. Tongue thrust
3. Forces form oral
musculature

Hybrid prosthesis
When the available
prosthetic space is
more than 15mm
A fixed ceramo metal
prosthesis increases
bulk
Increased crown height
induces more lateral
forces
Hybrid prosthesis
decreases the impact
force as the occlusal
material is acrylic resin

Cantilever length

M = force distance
= 100 x 1.5
= 150 N-cm

 Mechanical advantage
cantilever
length
A-P spread
Magnitude of force
(Ant. Implant)
M.A X force
Distal implant = force
on anterior implant +
original force

A-P SPREAD

LENGTH OF CANTILEVER = 2.5 TIMES THE A-P SPREAD

OCCLUSAL WIDTH

Maxillary full arch fixed implant

fixed prosthesis
From biomechanical perspective, the
implant restored anterior maxilla is
often the weakest section compared
with other regions
Narrow ridge and need for narrow
implants
Facial cantilevers
Oblique centric contacts

Completely edentulous
maxilla
Number of implants
Position of implants

SQUARISH

OVOID

BIOMECHANICS

TAPERING

DENTAL ARCH FORMSQUARISH

TAPERING

OVOID ARCH FORM

IMPLANT NUMBER &

POSITION

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL IMPLANTS

Conclusion
Implant failure after prosthesis delivery are
mainly related to biomechanical
complications.
Various factors such as loading condition,
prosthesis type, implant position, number,
design, bone type and bone implant interface
Understanding the various biomechanical
properties is essential for improving the
longevity of restoration.

REFERENCES
1. Dental implant prosthetics, Carl.E.Misch 3 rd
edition
2. Steven J. Sadowsky, DDS, The implantsupported prosthesis for the edentuious arch:
Design considerations, JPD VOLUME 78 NUMBER 1
3. E-J. Richter et al, Basic biomechanics of dental
implants in prosthetic dentistry, JPD MAY 1988
VOLUME 61 NUMBER 6
4. The influence of functional forces on the
biomechanics of implant-supported prosthesesa
review, Saime S ahin, Murat C. C ehreli, Emine ,
Journal of Dentistry 30 (2002) 271282

5. Analysis of load transfer and stress

distribution by an implant-supported fixed
partial denture, David Assif, JPD , March
1996
6. Biomechanical interactions in tooth
implant-supported fixed partial dentures
with variations in the number of splinted
teeth and connector type: A finite element
analysis
7. Occlusal considerations in implant
therapy: clinical guidelines with
biomechanical rationale, Clin. Oral Impl.
Res. 16, 2005 / 2635