Guidelines for Enclosure

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

Enclosure
An enclosure is just that; it encloses
electronics from the outside working
conditions.
It serves a dual purpose; first by keeping
electronics clean and tidy while also isolating
live wires, but also protecting electronics
from flying debris, dust, falling objects, etc...

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

 A basic enclosure consists of a case,

connectors, a fan or two, and all of your
electronics.
Case :
The case is the skeleton of your enclosure.
It will protect your electronics from
anything that my harm them.
A case can be as simple as a plastic box or
wooden box or as robust as a custom metal
housing.

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

 Connector :
Types
1. DIN Connector

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

2. XLR Connector

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

3. Speakon Connector

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

4. Aviation Plug 6-Pin 16mm GX16-6 Metal

Male Female Panel Connector

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

5.USB 2.0 B female socket to B male plug

panel mount extension cable

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

 Heat
Heat will probably be the biggest enemy in
an enclosure.
If proper circulation isn't provided,
electronics can very well melt.
There are several ways to combat this
though, some including but, not limited to
are fans, heat sinks etc..

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

 Fans
You need to allow for air to circulate
through your enclosure, if it is enclosed on
all sides, and whisk away the heat
produced by your electronics.
The best way to due this is by mounting a
fan on your enclosure, much like the fans
on a desktop computer.
Heat sinks
Heat sinks are another good idea and when
coupled with a fan.
ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

electronics enclosures (plastic)

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

electronics enclosures (metal)

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

electronics enclosures (aluminum)

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

 Bare Wires
Bare Wires and improper grounding can be
another demise to your electronics,
especially if your enclosure is made of
metal.

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

Noise" in the form of interfering signals, 50Hz

pickup, and signal coupling via power supplies
and ground paths can turn out to be of far
greater practical importance than the intrinsic
noise sources
These interfering signals can all be reduced to
an insignificant level (unlike thermal noise) with
proper layout and construction.
the cure may involve a combination of
filtration of input and output lines, careful
layout
and
grounding,
and
extensive
electrostatic and magnetic shielding.
ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

Shieldi
ng
of electromagnetic,

The objective
electric
and magnetic shielding is to provide a
significant reduction or elimination of
incident fields that can affect sensitive
circuits as well as to prevent the emission
of components of the system from
radiating outside the boundaries limited by
the shield.
The basic approach is to interpose between
the field source and the circuit a barrier of
conducting or magnetic material.

Interference
Interfering signals can enter an electronic
instrument through the power-line inputs or through
signal input and output lines.
In addition, signals can be capacitively coupled
(electrostatic coupling) onto wires in the circuit (the
effect is more serious for high-impedance points
within the circuit), magnetically coupled to closed
loops in the circuit (independent of impedance
level), or electromagnetically coupled to wires acting
as small antennas for electro- magnetic radiation.
Any of these can become a mechanism for coupling
of signals from one part of a circuit to another.
Finally, signal currents from one part of the circuit
can couple to other parts through voltage drops on
ground lines or power- supply lines.

Eliminating interference
Numerous effective tricks have been evolved to handle
most of these commonly occurring interference problems.
Keep in mind the fact that these techniques are all aimed
at reducing the interfering signal or signals to an
acceptable level; they rarely eliminate them altogether.
Consequently, it often pays to raise signal levels, just to
improve the signal-to-interference ratio.
Also, it is important to realize that some environments are
much worse than others; an instrument that works just
excellent, may perform miserably on location.
Some environments worth avoiding are those (a) near a
radio or televi- sion station (RF interference), (b) near a
subway (impulsive interference and power- line garbage),
(c) near high-voltage lines (radio interference), (d) near
motors and elevators (power-line spikes), (e) in a building
with triac lamp and heater controllers (power-line spikes),

Signals coupled through inputs,

outputs, and power line
The best bet for power-line noise is to use a
combination of RF line filters and transient
suppressors on the ac power line. You can
achieve 60dB or better attenuation of
interference above a few hundred kilohertz
this way, as well as effective elimination of
damaging spikes.
Inputs and outputs are more difficult,
because of impedance levels and the need to
couple desired signals that may lie in the
frequency range of interference.

 In devices like audio amplifiers you can

use low-pass filters on inputs and
outputs (much inter- ference from
nearby radio stations enters via the
speaker wires, acting as antennas).
In other situations shielded lines are
often necessary. Low-level signals,
particularly at high impedance levels,
should always be shielded. So should
the instrument cabinet.

Capacitive coupling
Signals within an instrument can get around handsomely
via electrostatic coupling: Some point within the
instrument has a 10 volt signal jumping around; a high-Z
input nearby does some sympathetic jumping, too.
The best things to do are to reduce the capacitance
between the offending points (move them apart), add
shielding (a complete metal enclosure, or even closeknit metal screening, eliminates this form of coupling
altogether), move the wires close to a ground plane
(which "swallows" the electrostatic fringing fields,
reducing coupling enormously), and lower the
impedance levels at susceptible points, if possible.
Op-amp outputs don't pick up interference easily,
whereas inputs do.

Magnetic coupling
low-frequency magnetic fields are not significantly
reduced by metal enclosures.
A turntable, microphone, tape recorder, or other
sensitive circuit placed in close proximity to an
instrument with a large power transformer will
display as- tounding amounts of 50Hz pickup.
The best therapy here is to avoid large enclosed
areas within circuit paths and try to keep the
circuit from closing around in a loop.
Twisted pairs of wires are quite effective in
reducing magnetic pickup, because the enclosed
area is small, and the signals induced in
successive twists cancel.

 When dealing with very low level signals, or

devices particularly susceptible to magnetic
pickup (tape heads, inductors, wire-wound
resistors), it may be desirable to use magnetic
shielding.
"Mu-metal shielding" is available in preformed
pieces and flexible sheets. If the ambient
magnetic field is large, it is best to use shielding
of high permeability (high mu) on the inside,
surrounded by an outer shield of lower
permeability (which can be ordinary iron, or
low-mu shielding material), to prevent magnetic
saturation in the inner shield.

Radiofrequency coupling
RF pickup can be particularly insidious,
because innocent-looking parts of the circuit
can act as resonant circuits, displaying
enormous effective cross section for pickup.
Aside from overall shielding, it is best to keep
leads short and avoid loops that can resonate.
A classic situation is the use of a pair of
bypass capacitors (one tantalum, one disc
ceramic), often recommended to improve
bypassing. The pair can form a lovely
parasitic tuned circuit somewhere in the HF to
VHF region (tens to hundreds of megahertz),
with self-oscillations

Grounding

 Here a low-level amplifier and a highcurrent driver are in the same instrument.
The first circuit is done correctly: Both
amplifiers tie to the supply voltages at the
regulator (right at the sensing leads), so IR
drops along the leads to the power stage
don't appear on the low-level amplifier's
supply voltages.
In addition, the load current returning to
ground does not appear at the low-level
input; no current flows from the ground
side of the low-level amplifier's input to
the circuit mecca.

 In the second circuit there are two blunders. Supply

voltage fluctuations caused by load currents at the
high-level stage are impressed on the low-level
supply voltages. Unless the input stage has very
good supply rejection, this can lead to oscillations.
Even worse, the load current returning to the
supply makes the case "ground" fluctuate with
respect to power-supply ground.
The input stage ties to this fluctuating ground, a
very bad idea.
The general idea is to look at where the large
signal cur- rents are flowing and make sure their IR
drops don't wind up at the input.
In some cases it may be a good idea to decouple
the supply voltages to the low-level stages with a
small RC network.

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

Grounding between
instruments
The idea of a controlled ground point
within one instrument is fine, but
what do you do when a signal has to
go from one instrument to another,
each with its own idea of "ground"?

High-level signals
If the signals are several volts, or large
logic swings, just tie things together
and forget shown in figure.
The voltage source shown between the
two grounds represents Small signals
and the variations in local grounds.
you'll find on different power-line
outlets in the same room or (worse) in
different rooms or buildings.

 It consists of some 50Hz voltage,

harmonics of the line frequency,
some radiofrequency signals (the
power line high makes a good
antenna), and assorted spikes - level
and other garbage.

Small signals and long

wires
For small signals this situation is
intolerable, and you will have to go
to some effort to remedy the
situation.
Figure shows some ideas.
In the first circuit, a coaxial shielded
cable is tied to the case and circuit
ground at the driving end, but it is
kept isolated from the case at the
receiving end.

 A differential amplifier is used to buffer the input

signal, thus ignoring the small amount of "ground
signal" appearing on the shield. A small resistor
and bypass capacitor to ground is a good idea to
limit ground swing and pre- vent damage to the
input stage.
The alternate receiver circuit in Figure shows the
use of a "pseudodifferential" input connection for a
single-ended amplifier stage

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

The 10 ohm resistor between amplifier common and

circuit ground is large enough to let the signal source's
reference ground set the potential at that point, since it
is much larger than the impedance of the source's
ground.
Any noise present at that node, of course, appears also
at the output. However, this becomes unimportant if the
stage has sufficiently high voltage gain, Gv, since the
ratio of desired signal to ground noise is reduced by Gv.
Thus, although this circuit isn't truly differential (with
infinite CMRR), it works well enough (with effective CMRR
= Gv). This pseudo-differential
ground- sensing trick can
ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)
be used also for low-level signals
within an instrument,

In the second circuit, a shielded twisted pair is

used, with the shield connected to the case at both
ends. Since no signal travels on the shield, this is
harmless.

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

For very long cable runs

(measured in miles) it is
useful to prevent large
ground currents flowing in
the
shield
at
radiofrequencies.
Figure suggests a method.
As before, a differential
amplifier looks at the
twisted pair, ignoring the
voltage on the shield.
By tying the shield to the
case through a small
inductor, the dc voltage is
kept
small
while
preventing
large
radiofrequency
currents.
ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVThis circuit also showsEC)

Fig. shows a nice scheme to save

wires in a multiwire cable in which
the common-mode pickup has to be
eliminated. Since all the signals
suffer the same common-mode
pickup, a single wire tied to ground
at the sending end serves to cancel
the common-mode signals on each
of the n signal lines. Just buffer its
signal (with respect to ground at the
receiving end), and use it as the
comparison input for each of n
differential amplifiers looking at the
other signal lines.
The preceding schemes work well
to
eliminate
common-mode
interference at low to moderate
frequencies, but they can be
ineffective against radiofrequency
interference,
owing
to
poor
common-mode
ELECTRINICS SYSTEM
DESIGN (IV- in the receiving differential
rejection
EC)
amplifier.

 One possibility here is to wrap the whole cable

around a ferrite toroid (Fig. 7.73). ferrite toroid
transformer That increases the series inductance
of the whole cable, raising the impedance to
common-mode signals of high frequency and
making it easy to bypass them at the far end
with a pair of small bypass capacitors to ground.
The equivalent circuit shows why this works
without attenuating the differential signal: You
have a series inductance inserted into both
signal lines and the shield, but since they form a
tightly coupled transformer of unit turns ratio,
the differential signal is unaffected. This is
actually a "1: 1 transmission-line transformer,"

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

Floating signal sources

The same sort of disagreement
about the voltage of "ground" at
separated locations enters in an
even more serious way at lowlevel inputs, just because the
signals are so small.
An example is a magnetic tape
head or other signal transducer
that requires a shielded signal
line. If you ground the shield at
both ends, differences in ground
potential will appear as signal at
the amplifier input. The best
approach is to lift the shield off
ground at the transducer

EMC Design Fundamentals

Analog circuit performance is often

affected adversely by high frequency
signals from nearby electrical activity.
And, equipment containing your analog
circuitry may also adversely affect
systems external to it.

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

Importance of EMC
Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) requires that
systems/equipment be able to tolerate a specified
degree of interference and not generate more than a
specified amount of interference
EMC is becoming more important because there are so
many more opportunities today for EMC issues
Increase use of electronic devices
-Automotive applications
-Personal computing/entertainment/communication

Increased potential for susceptibility/emissions

-Lower supply voltages
-Increasing clock frequencies, faster slew rates
-Increasing packaging density
-Demand for smaller, lighter, cheaper, lower-power devices
ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

 Problems with Non-Compliance

-Product may be blocked from market
Fortunately, industry is well regulated
and standards are comprehensive
Major EMC issues are relatively rare
For cost-effective compliance
-EMC considered throughout product/system
development
ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

Concepts & Definitions

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
-Electromagnetic emissions from a device or system that
interfere with the normal operation of another device or
system
-Also referred to as Radio Frequency Interference (RFI)

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC)

-The ability of equipment or system to function satisfactorily in
its Electromagnetic Environment (EME) without introducing
intolerable electromagnetic disturbance to anything in that
environment

In other words:
Tolerate a specified degree of interference,
Not generate more than a specified amount of interference,
Be self-compatible
ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

 The term EMC therefore has two

aspects:
It describes the ability of electrical and
electronic systems to operate without
interfering with other systems.
It also describes the ability of such
systems to operate as intended within a
specified electromagnetic environment.

ELECTRINICS SYSTEM DESIGN (IVEC)

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