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MEASUREMENT
Loss- dB
Fundamental Of
OTDR
Power, Laser Source
Test
Link Loss Budget
Loss and it’s origin
What do u mean by
3dB loss?
What is “dBm” and Why
“dBm” ?
In Telecommunication transmitted power
is very much low. ( in range of “mw” to
“Microwatt” ).
dBm :
It is output power in decibel (dB) for unit
milliwatt input power.
Principles Of OTDR
Block Diagram of OTDR
Specifications of OTDR
Using an OTDR(Operation of OTDR)
Principles Of OTDR
An OTDR is a fiber optic tester characterizing fibers and
optical Networks
Rayleigh Backscattering
Fresnel Reflections
Rayleigh Scattering
Light from the source is coupled to the fiber using a coupling device
If there are any non-linearities there will be a reflected ray from the
fiber,which is coupled to the photodiode using a coupler
These pulses can have a width in the order of 2ns upto 20msec and
a reoccurrence of some KHz
OTDR
The duration of the pulses can be selected by the
operator for different measuring conditions(The
repetition rate is limited to the rate at which the pulse
return is completed, before any other pulse is
launched
V(Group Delay)=c/n
C: Velocity of light in Vacuum
n: Refractive Index
Dynamic Range
Dead Zone
Resolution
Accuracy
Wavelength
Dynamic Range
A user may simply let the OTDR to auto configure and accept
acquisition parameters selected by OTDR(Automatic)
A user may allow the OTDR unit to auto configure, analyze the
results and change one or more parameters accordingly(Semi
Automatic)
Injection Level
Wavelength
Pulse Width
Range
Averaging
Injection Level
Injection level is defined an the power injected into the fiber
under test,the higher this level the higher the power level
Longer the pulse width, more light is injected into the fiber
By reducing the pulse width, there is a reduction in the dead zone of the fiber,compared to that of
a larger pulse width and also an increase
But with the reduction in the pulse width, there is a reduction in the dynamic range, a reduction in
the sensitivity of the receiver and also the distance
By proper selection of pulse width we can optimize the use of OTDR for making fiber
measurements
Range
The larger the number, the longer the OTDR takes for
displaying the results
That is, in averaging mode the OTDR displays the splice loss
as well as the connector loss systematically on the trace
Ghost Reflections
• Specific Losses:
- Total other component loss
- Manufacturer’s Specifications
- Total power penalties
General Losses(Typical
Values)
•Fiber Loss
Attenuation for 1310nm:0.3dB/km(G.652)
Attenuation for 1550nm:0.25dB/km
Largely due to impurities and imperfections
in the glass of the fiber
•Connector Loss
Connections at the termination points of
fiber,patch panels in a site, Optical
cross connects(OXC)
Conservative estimate is 0.5dB/connection
•Splice Loss
Splices due to construction and repair
Conservative estimate is 0.1dB/splice
Span Loss Analysis
If the total span loss does not exceed the allowable span
loss the system should work on this span.
Computation of Span Loss
Margin
Total losses = (fiber length* loss/km) +
(connector loss* No. of connectors)
+
(No. of Splices)*(loss/splice) +
(loss due to components) + other
losses
Tx Rx
0.5 dB 0.5 dB 0.5 dB
Tx Output Rx input
+0.5 dBm needed
-25 dBm
37km @ .
22km @ .25dB / km
25dB/km
= 5.5dB
=9.25 dB
Attenuation/Span Loss Example...
Span Loss Analysis:
Total Attenuation:
Tx Power : 0.5dBm
Rx Sensitivity :
Connector: 1.5dB -25dBm
Fiber1: 5.5dB Available for span: 25.5dB
Fiber2: 9.25dB Available for span: 25.5dB
Splices: 0.9dB Attenuation on span:
Total 21.25dB 21.25dB
Span Loss Margin:
4.25dB
Signal/Noise
Ratio
Signal is the information carrying optical pulse,Noise is the
optical “static”created in the system