METALS

Iron
Aluminium
Copper
Zinc
Magnesium

Properties of metals
Strong , hard and dense
Solids at room temperature
High Melting point
Good electrical and heat conductors
Shiny
Malleable and ductile

Copper
Ductile
Electrical conductors
Cooking utensils

Silver and Gold

Non reactive
Malleable and ductile
Jewellery
Computer fibres

Iron and steel

Strong and hard
Ships , bridges and buildings
Rust
Use antirust

Energy is needed to extract metals

Gold , silver highly non reactive , so present in their
pure form
Mg,Na,Al ,Fe reactive Found in their ores
MINING ( Ore From Ground)
MILLING ( Crushing , Concentrating And Purifying)
SMELTING ( Chemical Means)
REFINING ( Purifying The Crude Metal)

IRON
Hematite ( )
Magnetite ( )
Siderite ()
Limonite
Iron pyrites

SMELTING
+
C

Fe + C

[SMELTING] FOR LOWER MP metals ( Fe , tin , Cu)

800 degree C ,
low oxygen content environment

PURIFYING METALS USING

ELECTRICITY
Anode Impure Metal
Conducting solution( electrolyte)
Cathode Pure Metal
Impurities dropped inside the vessel ( non conductors)

ALUMINIUM
Most
abundant
Extracting it is a difficult task
Many historical methods of extracting aluminiums
i) Heating in the presence of potassium mercury amalgam
Uses of Aluminium
i) Aircrafts & defence ( Light weight and strong)
ii) Doesnt corrode as the self healing oxide helps against rusting
iii) Paper foils

Charles Hall Method of Al extraction

Dissolving

Alumina in the mineral cryolite

Alloys
Pure metals Soft and brittle , quite reactive
Alloy Mixture of two or more elements
Proportion of metals in a given alloy can change
STEEL IRON and CARBON
BRASS COPPER and ZINC
BRONZE COPPER and TIN
DURALUMIN Aluminium and Tin

STEEL
Iron
Copper (0.2-2.4% by weight)

Hardening agents
Manganese
Chromium
Tungsten

STEEL
Stainless Steel 10% chromium , magnetic/non
magnetic
Increasing the carbon content can make the strength
higher
Carburising A process of increasing the amount of
carbon in steel by 0.5-1% to make it hard.

BRASS
Copper and Zinc
Decoration
locks , gears , bearings and valves
Plumbing and electrical equipment
Musical instruments
More malleable than either copper or zin
Low MP , recycle
Addition of Aluminium makes it stronger and corrosion resistant

SOLDER
Fusible Metal alloy
Tin and Lead
Melting Point 90-150
Join metallic surfaces , plumbing , electronics soldering

Bronze
Copper (90%) and Tin (10%)
Weapons
Musical instruments and weapons

Gold and other alloys

Gold -> Softer as compared to other alloys
Sterling silver Silver and Copper
Platinum Pure form , ductile , but if you add cobalt or
iridium it becomes stronger

Reactivity of Metals
Reaction with dilute acid
Ca > Mg > Zn > Cu
Bubbles of hydrogen gas Effervesces

Reactivity of Metals
Reaction with water
Sodium when kept in air MOISTURE Tarnish
It is stored in air-tight containers
Na , K , Li ,Ba and Ca React with water
Al , Zn and Fe react with steam
Cu , Ag , Au , Pt , Sn , Pb Dont react with water

Reactivity of Metals

Reaction with oxygen

Ag , Au and Pt Dont react with oxygen
Burn rapidly in air K , Na , Ba , Ca , Mg
Reacts slowly Zn , Fe ( rusting)
Very slowly Al , Cu , Hg

Balance the reactions

Mg
+ HCl +
Na + NaOH +
Ca + CaO

Order of reactivity

Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > Cu

More reactive the metal , more stable the carbonate
Difficult to decompose the carbonate if it is highly stable
MgC is stable the CuC

Activity Series of Metals

K Na Ca Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb Cu Ag Pt Au
RED Metals requiring electrolysis
Black Reduced by C or CO

Activity Series of Metals

Acid on Metal Hydrogen gas and Salts
Oxygen/Air on Metal Produces oxides and burns

Sacrificial Electrodes

Coating of Zinc over the

cast iron motor body
prevents it from rusting.
Since Zn is more
reactive than Fe , it
corrodes faster

First Ionization Energy

The first ionisation energy is defined as the energy required
to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of gaseous
atoms to provide one mole of gaseous single charged ions.
Na(g)--> Na+(g)+ 1e
Subsequent ionisation energies
are defined in a similar way
only by removing electrons
from already charged ions.

First Ionization Energy

 Group 14

Mole
Avogadro's

Number 6.022 x (NA)

Number of atoms in 12grams of Carbon -12 isotope

Number of moles = Number of particles / Number of particles in
one mole
n = N / NA

Moles
Number of moles = mass of the given substance / Mass
of one mole
Moles
Grams

(Molar Mass )

Number of particles ( NA)

Conservation of volume
The pressure of a gas of fixedmassand fixed
volumeisdirectly proportionalto the gas's
absolute temperature.