A VERY

GOODMORNING TO
YOU ALL
 PERCEPTION
Concept Of Perception
Perception is the cognitive process involving
selecting,organising,and interpreting or
attaching meaning to the events happening in
the environment.
 Features
• Perception is the intellectual process.
• Perception is the basic cognitive or
psychological process.
• Different people perceive different things
according to their psychological and
intellectual behaviour.
PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
 Perceptual Organization
• Perceptual organization deals with the
manner in which selected stimuli are
organized in order to make sense out of
them. People organize the various stimuli
on the principles of figure-
ground,grouping,simplification and closure.
 Principles
• Figure ground: People tend to organise
information on what is known as the figure
ground principle.In this more attention is paid to
phenomena which have been kept as figure and
less attention is paid to phenomena kept in
background.
• Grouping: people have a tendency to group
several stimuli into recognisable pattern.people
generally group various stimuli on the basis of
proximity or similarity.
• Proximity:The proximity or nearness principle
of grouping states that a group of stimuli that
are close together will be perceived as a whole
of parts or pattern of parts belonging together.
For eg. All employees working in a particular
department may be grouped together because
of physical proximity.
• Similarity: The principle of similarity states
that the greater the similarity of the stimuli
greater is the tendency to perceive them as a
common group. For eg All the workers may
be perceived to have the same opinions about
the management because they are grouped
together on the basis of similarity.
• Simplification: whenever people are
overloaded with information, they try to
simplify it to make it more meaningful and
understandable.simplifaction makes the
things more understandable because the
perceiver has been to reduce the complexity
by eliminating some of the things which are
less important.
• Closure: When faced with incomplete
information,people fill up the gaps
themselves to the information meaningful.For
eg When managers have to make promotion
decisions, they may not have complete
information about the suitability of an
employee for a higher position. In such cases,
they rely more on the past records of the
employee.
 INTERPERSONAL
PERCEPTION
• As we discussed perceptual selectivity and
perceptual organisation holds true for any
stimulus situation, persons or others. This
situation puts emphasis on interpersonal
perception in which the perceiver perceives
another person and the latter becomes a stimulus
for perception. There are certain factors which
influence the interpersonal perception.
 FACTORS OF IMPERSONAL
PERCEPTION ARE:

• Factors in perceiver,
• Factors in perceived,
• Situational factors.
• FACTORS IN PERCEIVER: the person tries to
perceive the other person according to his own
personality, his mental set,attribution,first
impression, halo effect and stereotyping.
Personality: personality influences perception
because of two reasons:
The perceiver tries to project his personality
attributes in others known as projection.
The perceiver tries to fit his
attitudes,beliefs,expectations to reality known as
the process of selfulfilling prophecies.
• Mental set: The person tries to perceive the
other person according to his/her mental set
or given situation.Suppose you are
contestant in a track meet and are positioning
yourself in your starting blocks as you hear
the prepratory commands,Get ready,Get
set.when you hear the command u take off at
once since you are already set.
• Attribution : Attribution is the process by which
individuals interpret events as being caused by
particular aspects in the setting around
them.Attribution of causes for events influences
perception.For eg.:If a person is bypassed in
promotion,he may attribute the reason of his
bypassing in terms that others have been
promoted not because of their ability but
because of their being close with high –ups.
• First impression:It is very common that
people evaluate on the basis of first
impression.The evaluation based first
impression may be correct if it is based on
adequate and significant evidence.Since
first impression evaluation is not based on
adequate information,it may not be true
reflection of people being perceived.
• Halo effect:The halo in such a case serves as a
screen, keeping the perceiver away from actually
seeing the trait he is judging The halo error is
very similar to sterotyping except that in
sterotyping the person is perceived according to a
single category,whereas under the halo effect, the
person is perceived on the basis of one trait or
event.
• Stereo typing: Stereotyping occurs when the perceiver
perceives a person on the basis of characterstics of the
group to which he belongs.The person is not perceived as
an individual.For eg. There are certain stereotyping at the
international level like: Americans are materialistics and
ambitious,Japanese are industrious etc.In perception
individuals belonging to a particular class are likely to be
perceived on the basis of characterstics of the class to
which they belong.
 FACTORS IN PERSON
PERCEIVED
• TWO SUCH FACTORS ARE MORE
COMMON:
• Status of the person.
• Visibility of his traits.
• Status:The target person may be perceived
on the basis of his status and not on the
basis of his actual characterstics.Thus a
person having high status may be perceived
to have many desirable qualities as
compared to a person having low
status.This may not be true.
• Visibility of traits: There are many traits
which are not visible on surface,such as
Honesty,loyalty etc.In such cases
evaluation is to be made on the basis of
ones own experience which may not be
correct.
SITUATIONAL FACTORS
• Situational factors also influence the
perception.There may be structured of the
place indicating the characterstics of person
occupying it.Thus a person is likely to be
perceived by a place. For eg.A person is
perceived differently if he meets with other
in a five star hotel as compared to an
ordinary place.