Behavior - Contents

Use would have, should have, and could have to talk

hypothetically about the past.
Use must have, may have, might have, and could have to
speculate about the past.
Talk about your reactions and behavior in different situations
Describe peoples emotions and personal qualities.
Use expressions such as That reminds me (of) to share
experiences.
Use like informally in conversation.

Lesson A: Reactions
Reduction of have in past modal (affirmative sentence):
She could have apologized. = /kudev/
Reduction of have in past modal (negative sentence):
I Wouldnt have yelled at him. = /wudnev/ or /wudntev/
Statements:
Subject + Modal (+not) + have + past participle
She should have said no politely.
She shouldnt have lost her temper.
She could have told him not to call again.
Information questions:
Information question word + modal + subject + have + past participle.
What would you have done?

Lesson A: Reactions (Contd)

Yes / no questions
Modal + subject + have + past participle?
Could she have been more polite?
Short answers
Yes / No, + subject + modal (not) + have
Would you have gotten mad?
Yes, I would have.
No, I wouldnt have.
The past modals can all be used to describe hypothetical events and
situations in the past. Please, think of some examples using:
Would (wouldnt) have, should (shouldnt) have, could (couldnt) have

Lesson B: Emotional Intelligence

Describing emotions and personal traits using noun and adjective
forms from the same family: confidence confident.
Use of past modals in speculation (already covered book 3 Unit 11)
Must have, could have, may have, and might have to speculate about the
past, that is to make guesses about what happened with varying degrees
of certainty, or to say what the speaker thinks is possible.
Form: Subject + must / may / might / could + have + past participle
They must have gotten tied up in traffic.
She could have tried to call.
They may / might have had a fight.

Lesson B: Emotional Intelligence (Contd)

Use:
Of all the past modals, must is used to indicate the strongest
certainty.
They must have gotten tied up in traffic. (=I bet, or Im pretty sure)
Could, may, and might are all used to indicate less certainty. Could
shows a little more certainty than may and might, and may is a little
more certain than might.
Notice the difference in meaning between couldnt have and might /
may not have.
She couldnt have called. (=Its not possible that she called.)
She might not have called. (=Its possible she didnt call.)

Lesson C: Speaking of rude people,

Note the slightly different use of causative have in I had that happen
to me. Here it is used to mention an experience that happened to the
speaker, but which the speaker didnt cause to happen.
The expressions: (I had that happen to me.; That happened to me.; I
had a similar experience.; That reminds me of) generally
introduce similar experiences.
Thats like can introduce people, things, or events.
Thats like my dad he hates the subway.
Thats like when youre on the subway, and people wont let you off.

Lesson C: Speaking of rude people,(Contd)

Speaking of is generally followed by the topic being discussed
usually a noun and then a comment or question about a related
aspect of the topic.
A. Its so rude.
B. Speaking of rude people, how about?
. Like has several meanings in both conversation and writing,
including the verb to like, the expression to be like meaning to be
similar to, and and as a way to introduce examples.
. Like also has some special uses in informal conversation (where it
should not be over-used) These include its use as a highlighter to
emphasize something (e.g., they were like totally blocking the
doors.),to introduce what someone said (e.g., They were like,
Whats your problem?) and to mean approximately (e.g., Hes
like 80 years old.)

Lesson D: Saying you are sorry

Writing a note of apology:
I just wanted to say Im sorry for (not) verb + -ing
I would like to apologize for
I feel I should apologize for
I promise not toagain
It was my fault entirely
I am really sorry for (not)