TEORI KLASIK DALAM

KAUNSELING FREUD,
ADLER, JUNG
MINGGU 5

Psychoanalytic Theory
Basic Freudian Propositions

Clinical Experiences
Anna O. (Breuer)
Unexpressed emotion ->
pathology
Unaware of emotion
(unconscious)
Emotion expression reduces
pathology

Fundamental Assumptions of
Psychoanalytic Theory

The Basic Instincts

Unconscious Motivation
Psychic Determinism
Energy Model

Fundamental Assumptions of
Psychoanalytic Theory
The Basic Instincts: Sex and
Aggression
Closely follows Darwins theory
Freud believed that everything
humans do can be understood as
manifestations of the life and death
instincts
Later termed libido (life) and

Fundamental Assumptions of
Psychoanalytic Theory
Unconscious Motivation
Individuals control their sexual and
aggressive urges by placing them in
the unconscious
These take on a life of their own and
become the motivated unconscious

Fundamental Assumptions of
Psychoanalytic Theory
Psychic Determinism

Nothing happens by chance or

accident

Everything we do, think, say, and

feel is an expression of our mind

Fundamental Assumptions of
Psychoanalytic Theory
Energy Model

Humans are viewed as energy

systems

Hydraulic model. Energy

transformed but not destroyed

Levels of Consciousness
Conscious - current awareness
Preconscious - not aware of material
but its retrievable (via ordinary
retrieval)
Unconscious - not aware of material
but its not retrievable (via ordinary
retrieval)

Issues Regarding the

Unconscious
How can the existence of the
unconscious be demonstrated?
Why do humans have an
unconscious?

Personality and Psychoanalysis

Techniques for Revealing the
Unconscious

Free Association
Dream Analysis
Projective Techniques
Recovered Memories

The Structure of Personality

ID

EGO

SUPEREGO

The Structure of Personality

The Id Reservoir of Psychic Energy
Most

primitive part of the mind;

what we are born with
Source of all drives and urges
Operates according to the pleasure
principle and primary process
thinking

The Structure of Personality

The Ego- Executive of Personality
The

part of the mind that

constrains the id to reality
Develops around 2-3 years of age
Operates according to the reality
principle and secondary process
thinking
Mediates between id, superego,

The Structure of Personality

The Superego- Upholder of Values and
Ideals
The

part of the mind that

internalizes the values, morals,
and ideals of society
Develops around age 5
Not bound by reality

Psychodynamics
Conflict model
Id vs. superego; Individual vs. society
Restrain expression of all drives
Surplus energy results in anxiety

Defense Mechanisms
Unconscious psychological
processes designed to avoid or
reduce the conscious experience
of anxiety

Anxiety and the

Mechanisms of Defense
Repression
Unconscious
Motivated
Forgetting
The process of
preventing unacceptable
thoughts, feelings, or
urges from reaching
conscious awareness

Anxiety and the

Mechanisms of Defense
Denial
Unconscious
Motivated
Not Perceiving

Perceptual Defense
Research

Anxiety and the

Mechanisms of Defense
Other Defense Mechanisms

Reaction Formation
Act

opposite of impulse

Projection
Make

impulse external

Anxiety and the

Mechanisms of Defense
Other Defense Mechanisms

Isolation/Intellectualization
Isolate

emotional reaction

Process

abstractly

Anxiety and the

Mechanisms of Defense
Other Defense Mechanisms
Displacement
Channel impulse to nonthreatening target
Sublimation
Channel impulse into socially
desired
activity

Anxiety and the

Mechanisms of Defense
Defense Mechanisms in Everyday Life
Useful

in coping with unexpected

or disappointing events

Can

also make circumstances

worse

Personality and Psychoanalysis

Making the Unconscious

Conscious

Techniques for Revealing the

Unconscious

The Process of Psychoanalysis

Personality and Psychoanalysis

The goal of psychoanalysis is to
make the unconscious conscious
Identify

unconscious thoughts and

feelings
Enable the person to deal with the
unconscious urges realistically and
maturely
But how to penetrate the

Personality and Psychoanalysis

The Process of Psychoanalysis
The

psychoanalyst offers the

patient interpretations of the
psychodynamic causes of the
problems
The interpretations bring insight
Resistance may occur as a defense
Transference of feelings

Evaluating Freuds Contributions

Proponents argue it is the first and

perhaps only comprehensive theory
of human nature

Psychoanalysis has had a major

impact on Western thought

Critics maintain it is not

contemporary
The nature of evidence upon which it
was built can be criticized

Summary
There

are 3 main forces in the

psyche that constantly interact to
tame the 2 motives

Defense

mechanisms help keep

urges, thoughts, and memories
that cause anxiety in the
unconscious

Psychoanalysis

is a therapy used
for making the patient's

Anxiety and the

Mechanisms of Defense
Types of Anxiety
Repression
Other Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms in
Everyday Life

Anxiety and the

Mechanisms of Defense
Types of Anxiety

Objective Anxiety
Neurotic Anxiety
Moral Anxiety
Defense Mechanisms

Adlerian
Psychotherapy
Prioritizing relationships

Adlerian Theory
History of Adlerian Theory
Inspired by Freudian psychoanalysis
Some overlap with other neo-Freudians (e.g.,
Horney)
Anticipated elements of humanistic, cognitive,
and systemic approaches
Championed in U.S. by Rudolf Dreikurs
Dissemination throughout U.S. elementary schools
during the guidance movement by Don Dinkmeyer

Alfred Adler 1870-1937

Born in Vienna
Raised by middle class, Jewish family
2nd of six children
Felt in shadow of his older brother
Invalid as child (rickets, pneumonia)
Very close to his father (no oedipal need)
Converted and became a Christian After World War I
Gemeinshaftsgefuhl deep-seated concern for others
and need to associate with them
1921-1934: 30 mental health clinics in schools- closed
by Nazis - drop in delinquency at time
Came to USA in 1934 (lived in U.S. until his death)

Nature of maladjustment

A person has a mistaken opinion of self and

world
Inferiority complex: Individual
overwhelmed by inadequacy, hopelessness
Superiority Complex: Individuals very
high opinion of self lead him/her to insist that
personal solutions to problems are best

A person engages in abnormal behavior to

protect own opinion of self (e.g., when
threatened with failure and insecurity)

The person becomes self-centered rather than other-centered

Conflict: one step forward and one step backward movement which has
the net effect of maintaining an individual at a dead center point

People experience themselves as stuck but actually create the

antagonistic feelings, ideas, and values, because they are unwilling to
change (if-only)
Safeguarding: Symptoms developed to safeguard the fictional goal

Family constellation: birth order mediates genetic and

constitutional factors

Adlerian Therapy Focus

Importance of the feelings of self (ego)
that arise form interactions & conflicts
Sense of self (ego) central core of
personality
Start from Psychoanalysis
Emphasis on lifestyle (5 life tasks)

Social interaction
Work
Sex
Spirituality
Coping with ourselves

Courage

Alfred Adlers Individual

Psychology
A phenomenological approach
Social interest is stressed
Birth order and sibling relationships emphasized
Therapy as teaching, informing and encouraging
Basic mistakes in the clients private logic
The therapeutic relationship as a collaborative
partnership

The Phenomenological
Approach
Adlerians attempt to view the world
from the clients subjective frame of
reference
Reality is less important than how the individual
perceives and believes life to be
It is not the childhood experiences that are crucial
~ It is our present interpretation of these events

Unconscious instincts and our past do

not determine our behavior

It is not genes
It is not environment
It is not genes and environment
It is how we choose to respond to our genes and
environment

Social Interest
Adlers most significant and distinctive concept
Refers to an individuals attitude toward and
awareness of being a part of the human
community
Mental health is measured by the degree to
which we successfully share with others and
are concerned with their welfare
Happiness and success are largely related to
social connectedness

Impact of Birth Order

Adlers five psychological positions:

Oldest child

favored, spoiled, center of attention,

pseudo-parent, high achiever

Second of two

behaves as if in a race, often opposite to

first child (rivalry)

Middle

often feels squeezed out

Youngest

the baby (more pampered), creative,

rebellious, revolutionary, avant-garde

Only

does not learn to share or cooperate with

other children, learns to deal with adults

Encouragement
Encouragement is the most powerful method
available for changing a persons beliefs
Helps build self-confidence and stimulates courage
Discouragement is the basic condition that
prevents people from functioning
Clients are encouraged to recognize that they
have the power to choose and to act differently

Other Adlerian Concepts

Organ Inferiority: everyone is born
with some physical weakness, which
motivates life choices
Aggression Drive: reaction to
perceived helplessness/inferiority
lashing out against the inability to
achieve or master

More Adlerian Concepts

Masculine protest: Kids work to become independent from
and equal to adults & people in power
Perfection striving: people who are not neurotically bound to
an inferiority complex spend their lives trying to meet their
fictional goals. The life or a human soul is not a being but a
becoming
Elimination of their perceived flaws
Gives motivation and focus
Social Responsibility & Understanding
Occupational task-career-self-worth
Societal task-creating friendship-networks
Love task-life partner
Positive & Goal Oriented Humanity- people striving to
overcome weaknesses to function productively-contributing to
society

How an Adlerian does

Therapy
Comprehensive Assessment using:
Family Constellation-questionnaire-social
world assessment
Early Reflections-single incidents from
childhood
Lifestyle Assessment-develop targets for
therapy by identifying major successes and
mistakes in the clients life
The Question -- If I had a magic wand that
would eliminate your symptom immediately,
what would be different in your life?

What Clients do in Therapy

Explore private logic-concepts
about self, others, & life
philosophy lifestyle is based
Discover purposes of behavior or
symptoms and basic mistakes
associated with their coping
Learning how to correct faulty
assumptions & conclusions

Therapeutic Techniques &

Procedures
Establishing the relationship
Gathering Information
Encouraging development of self-understanding
insight into purpose through clarification and
correction (of faulty self-concept and reasoning)
Helping client make new choices: reorientation
& reeducation away from previous lifestyle

Phases

Stage # Stage
1

Empathy &
Relationship

Provide warmth, empathy, and

acceptance. Generate hope, reassurance,
and encouragement. Establish a
cooperative, collaborative relationship.

Information

Gather relevant information: Elicit details

of presenting problem & life tasks. Explore
early childhood influences and memories.

Clarification

Clarify vague thinking with Socratic

questioning. Evaluate consequences of
ideas and actions. Correct mistaken ideas
about self and others.

Encouragement

Help generate alternatives. Stimulate

movement in a new direction, away from
life style. Clarifying new feelings about
effort and results.

Support
2

3
Encouragement
4

Tasks to be accomplished

1. Establishing the
relationship
Therapist gets to know the client as a person
Therapy is collaborative
Goals established together prior to start
Awareness of goal discrepancies during
Scripts (Have you ever seen a patient like me
before?)
Games (My previous therapist said the opposite)
Realignment of goals, when necessary

Supportive, caring human connection

Faith
Hope
Love

2. Gathering information
Subjective interview
Client tells own story as expert on own life
Therapist listens for clues to clients coping
and approach to life
The Question:

Objective interview ~ Life Style

Assessment

Family constellation
Early recollections
Personality priorities
Integration and summary

3. Encouraging SelfUnderstanding & Insight

Insight = understanding of motivations (the whys) that operate in

clients life

Therapist offers open-ended interpretations to:

Bring conscious awareness to unconscious processes
Identify and confront resistance
Explore purposes of symptoms, feelings, behaviors or blocks

Types of interpretation
Of nonverbal behavior: to bring the clients nonverbal behavior
to the attention of the client and interpret it.
Of the therapeutic process: Dealing with what is in the here and
now.
Active Wondering: Proposes an alternative to the presenting
problem.

4. Reorientation &
Reeducation
Encouragement process to build
courage personal growth is encouraged
and reinforced
Change and search for new possibilities
Making a difference through change in
behavior, attitude or perception

Adlerian Theory
The Counseling Process
The Client-Counseling Relationship: Collaborative, egalitarian,
respectful and cooperative.
Understanding the Client: How is the client behaving? What does the
client gain from this behavior? Why does the client do this in this
manner?
Assessment and Analysis: Family Atmosphere and Constellation, Birth
Order, Early Recollections, Dreams, and Priorities.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Adlerian Theory
The Counseling Process (continued)
Insight and Interpretation: Helps the client see his or her priority and
ask whether or not the price for achieving it is worth paying.
Reorientation: Counselor offers alternative ideas or beliefs for the
clients consideration.
Prescribing New Behavioral Rituals: The client is assigned
homework that engages him or her in repetitive acts to reinforce the
clients new belief system, behaviors and rules of interaction.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Adlerian Theory
Strategies for Helping Clients
Restatement: Restating the clients words to form clarity and convey
understanding.
Reflection: Restating the clients words to give deeper meaning
regarding the underlying feeling.
Guesses, Hunches, Hypotheses: Making statements to explain what
is happening.
Questioning: To get a better understanding but also reframe the
symptoms for the client.
Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Adlerian Theory
Strategies for Helping Clients (continued)
Interpretation: Takes guesses, hunches and hypotheses one step
further. Focuses on the whys of behavior.
Nonverbal Behavior: Adlerians bring the clients nonverbal behavior to
the attention of the client and interpret it.
Immediacy: Dealing with what is in the here and now.
Active Wondering: Proposes an alternative to the presenting problem.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Adlerian Theory
Strategies for Helping Clients (continued)
Confrontation: Pointing out discrepancies between what the client says
and what the client does.
Paradoxical Intention: Asking the client to amplify target behavior to
show the client how ridiculous it is.
Creating Images: Asks the client to imagine a ridiculous scene as he or
she enters into a threatening situation.
Asking The Question: If your problem were to disappear overnight,
how would things be different?
Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Adlerian Theory
Strategies for Helping Clients (continued)
Catching Oneself: Having the client catch himself or herself when
engaging in irrational behavior.
Acting As If: Acting out a role that the client thought impossible.
Spitting in the Soup: Spoiling the game of the client.
Encouragement: Promotes client self-awareness. Clients arent sick
but only discouraged.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Adlerian Theory
Strategies for Helping Clients (continued)
Midas Technique: Exaggerating the clients neurotic demands.
Pleasing Someone: Helps put the client back into society. The client is
instructed to go out and do something nice for someone else.
Avoiding the Tar Baby: Acting contrary to what the client expects.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Adlerian Theory
Advantages

of Adlerian Theory

It can be used for numerous issues and disorders.

Uses encouragement.
It is phenomenological.
It does not consider people to be predisposed to anything.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

Adlerian Theory
Disadvantages of Adlerian Theory
The amount of family and lifestyle information that is collected.
Sometimes difficult to do the interpretations, especially the dreams.
Adlerian therapy works best with highly verbal and intelligent clients. This
might leave out many people who do not fit that category.
Might be too lengthy for managed care.
Adlerians do not like to make diagnoses as it labels people.

Copyright Allyn & Bacon 2004

A Journey Into The Mind

Of

Carl Jung
"Everything that
irritates us about
others can lead
us to an
understanding of
ourselves."

Who is Carl Jung?

Carl Jung was born in Kesswill
Switzerland (1875).
As a child he was interested in
history, archaeology, and
philosophy.
He studied medicine at the
University of Basel and discovered
he had a passion for psychiatry.
He became a psychiatrist as it
gave him the opportunity to study
both the spiritual and factual sides
of the world.
For 9 years he was an assistant
physician at a Psychiatric Hospital
He studied Schizophrenia

His Early Career

In 1907 Jung went to Vienna to meet
Freud where they studied along side
each other for a number of years. They
developed their own theories and
corresponded through letters.
They came to parting ways because
Jung disagreed with Freuds belief that
the sexual component was the only
part of the human personality. Jung also
felt Freud was too narrow-minded about
his views on the unconscious mind and
dream interpretation. Freuds main
theories were that our sexual libido
controlled our unconscious thoughts
and when dreaming it was our sexual
thoughts that controled the content of
these dreams.

His Early Career

Cont.
His first ideas were
published in Psychology
of the Unconscious (it
contained much about
mythological content and
listed parallels between
myths and psychotic
fantasies).
He went on to develop his
own theory called analytic
psychology, for half a
century he wrote
religiously about
personality in regards to
symbolic, mythological,
and spiritual views.

His Early Career Cont.

In his personal life he
spent much of his time deep
in self-discovery.
In 1921 he published
Psychological Types
included his perspective of
different personality types
and the relationship between
the conscious and
unconscious.

His Major Theories

Focused on the unconscious
and conscious mindhe
believed that the unconscious
played more of a role in
controlling our thought process
(especially during dreaming)
The collective unconscious
was also more dominant factor
in the development of human
personality

His Major Theories

Cont
He

believed in two
personality types
Introvert someone
who keeps to themselves
and is emotionally selfsufficient
Extrovert- someone
who is outgoing and use
their psychological power
to draw people towards
them

A Final Word on Carl

Jung
Jungs theories and
beliefs are still used amoung
therapists today
Much of his work can
be applied to dream
interpretation
Due to poor health he
retired and started teaching
in 1947
He died in Zulrich 1961

The Theory
Jungs theory divided the human mind into three parts:
The Ego
The Personal Unconscious
The Collective Unconscious

Carl Jung
3 Levels of Consciousness:

Ego: conscious level; carries

out daily activities; like
Freuds Conscious
Personal Unconscious:
individuals thoughts,
memories, wishes, impulses;
like Freuds Preconscious +
Unconscious
Collective Unconscious:
storehouse of memories
inherited from the common
ancestors of the whole
human race; no counterpart
in Freuds theory

Ego

Jung defines this as the unconscious mind

The Personal
Unconscious

Anything that is not presently conscious, but can be. It includes both memories that
are easily brought to mind and those that have been repressed for some reason.

The Collective
Unconscious

This refers to our Psychic Inheritance:

The reservoir of our experiences as a species, a kind of knowledge we are all born with (the
collective memories of the entire human race). We are not directly conscious of it but it
influences all our experiences and behaviours.

According to Jung, this is who so many cultures have the same symbols recurring in their
myths, religion, art, and dreams. The common symbols are referred to as archetypes.

Archetypes

The content of the collective

unconscious are called
"Archetypes"

Jung believed humans are not

born "clean slates". He thought we
came into this world with certain
pre-dispositions that cause
behaviour.

These behaviours were driven by

archetypes or archetypal
behaviour.

Additional Archetypes
Persona: your public personality, aspects
of yourself that you reveal to others.
Shadow: prehistoric fear of wild animals,
represents animal side of human nature.
Anima: feminine archetype in men.
Animus: masculine archetype in women.
Others: God, Hero, Nurturing Mother, Wise
Old Man, Wicked Witch, Devil, Powerful
Father.

Examples of
Archetypes

Family Archetypes:

Story Archetypes:

The Father Stern, Powerful, Controlling

The Mother Feeding, Nurturing, Soothing
The Child Birth, Beginnings, Salvation

The Hero Rescuer, Champion

The Maiden Purity, Desire
The Wise Old Man Knowledge, Guidance
The Magician Mysterious and Powerful
The Witch or Sorceress - Dangerous
The Trickster Deceiving and Hidden

Animal Archetypes:

The Faithful Dog Unquestioning Loyalty

The Enduring Horse Never Giving Up
The Devious Cat Self Serving

Examples of
Archetypes

Examples of
Archetypes

Examples of
Archetypes

Examples of
Archetypes

Introvert and
Extrovert

Jung is most famous for his

development of the personality types of
INTROVERT and EXTROVERT.
Introverts are people who prefer their
internal world of thoughts, feelings, and
dreams. Extroverts prefer the external
world of things, other people, and
activities.

Basic Personality
Orientations
Introversion: focused inward; the person is
cautious, shy, timid, reflective.
Extroversion: focused outward; the person is
outgoing, sociable, assertive, energetic.

Mental Functions
Thinking: naming and interpreting experience.
Feeling: evaluating an experience for its
emotional worth to us.
Sensing: experiencing the world through the
senses without interpreting or evaluating it.
Intuiting: relating directly to the world without
physical sensation, reasoning, or
interpretation.