Teori dan Pendekatan

Pengalaman dalam
Kaunseling PERSON
CENTRED THEORY, GESTALT
THEORY, EXISTENTIAL
THEORY
TAJUK 6

Person-Centered Theory
a.k.a., Humanistic or Rogerian
Therapy

Person-Centered Therapy

(A reaction against the directive and psychoanalytic

approaches)

Challenges:
The assumption that the counselor
knows best
The validity of advice, suggestion,
persuasion, teaching, diagnosis,
and interpretation
The belief that clients cannot understand
and resolve their own problems without
direct help
The focus on problems over persons
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 7 (1)

Overview
Founder: Carl Rogers. Born in Oak
Park, IL-1902. Trained at University
of Wisconsin and Columbia University.
His educational background was in
agriculture, science, philosophy,
theology, education and psychology.
Fundamental shift in theory from
helper-to-client to person-to-person.

Person-Centered Therapy
Emphasizes:
Therapy as a journey shared by two fallible
people
The persons innate striving for self-actualization
The personal characteristics of the therapist and
the quality of the therapeutic relationship
The counselors creation of a permissive,
growth promoting climate
People are capable of self-directed growth if
involved in a therapeutic relationship
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 7 (2)

Major philosophies and nature

of humans
Human beings are essentially rational,
constructive, positive, independent,
realistic, cooperative, trustworthy,
accepting, forward moving and full of
potential. Humans, like all organisms,
naturally tend toward actualization of their
full potential. (Gilliland & James, 1998)
Experience is key to Rogerian theory.
Because each persons perception of his or
her own experience is unique, the client is
the only expert on his or her own life.

Major constructs
Actualizing tendency. The inherent tendency of
the person to develop in ways that serve to
maintain or promote growth.
Conditions of worth. A persons worth is
conditional when his or her self-esteem is based
on significant others valuation of experience.
Congruence. The state of consonance among the
persons acting, thinking and feeling states.
When experiences are wholly integrated into the
self-concept.
Empathic understanding. One perceives as if one
were the other person but without ever losing the
as if condition.
(Gilliland & James, 1998)

Major constructs
Experience (noun). All the cognitive and affective
events within the person that are available or
potentially available to his or her awareness.
Experience (verb). To receive the impact of all
the sensory or physiological events happening at
the present moment.
Genuineness. The state where there is no
difference between the real and the perceived
selves.
Organismic valuing process. The process
whereby experiences are accurately perceived,
constantly updated, and valued in terms of the
satisfaction experienced by the person.
(Gilliland & James, 1998)

Major constructs
Positive regard. The perception of the selfexperience of another person that leads the
individual to feel warmth, liking and respect for
the acceptance of that person.
Positive self-regard. A positive attitude toward
the self that is not dependent on the perceptions
of significant others.
Self-actualization tendency. The tendency of the
person to move toward achieving his or her full
potential.
Self-Concept. The persons total internal view of
self in relation to the experiences of being and
functioning within the environment.
(Gilliland & James, 1998)

Major constructs
Self-Experience. Any event in the
individuals perceptual field that he or she
sees as relating to the self, me, or I.
Unconditional Positive Regard. The
individuals perception of another person
without ascription of greater or lesser
worthiness to that person. It is
characterized by a total rather than a
conditional acceptance of the other person.
Unconditional self-regard. The perception
of the self in such a way that no selfexperience can be discriminated as being
more or less worthy of positive regard than
any other self-experience.
(Gilliland & James, 1998)

The Self
According to Rogers, the Self:
Is organized and consistent
Includes ones perceptions of all that
comprises I or me
Includes the relationship among I or me an
other people and features of life, as well as
the value and importance of these
relationships
Is available to consciousness but it is not
always conscious at any given moment
The shape of the self is constantly changing,
yet always recognizable
(Walker & Brokaw, 2005)

A self actualized person has

the following characteristics

Open to experience
Aware of all experience
Deal w/change in creative ways
Socially effective
Lives existentially
Lives in the here and now
Trusts self

Major personality
constructs
Personality theory has not been of major
concern to person-centered therapists,
rather the manner in which change comes
about in the human personality has been
the focus. (Gilliland & James, 1998)
Each person is unique and has the ability
to reach his or her full potential.
Once the self-concept is formed, two
additional needs are acquired:
the need for positive regard from others
the need for positive self-regard

Nature of
maladaptivity
Rogerian theory speaks primarily of
incongruence as the primary
maladaptivity. Maladaptivity relates
to the blocks that are put in the road
to actualization. (Gilliland & James,
1998)
Also, external locus of control and
looking to others for worth are seen
as maladaptive.

Major goals of
counseling
The central focus of counseling is the
clients experiencing of feelings.

A Growth-Promoting
Climate
Congruence - genuineness or realness
Unconditional positive regardacceptance and caring, but not approval
of all behavior
Accurate empathic understanding an
ability to deeply grasp the clients
subjective world
Helper attitudes are more important than
knowledge
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 7 (3)

Major
techniques/strategies
The most important technique in personcentered counseling is the establishment of
the relationship between client and
counselor as one of mutual trust and safety.
The relationship is the beginning, the main
event and the end of the counseling. The
counselor deals directly, in the here and
now, with the clients feelings and
experiences rather than intellectualize about
the experiences.
Person-centered theory is a
phenomenological approacheach person is
unique.

Six Conditions

(necessary and sufficient for personality changes

to occur)
1. Two persons are in psychological contact
2. The first, the client, is experiencing incongruency
3. The second person, the therapist, is congruent or
integrated in the relationship
4. The therapist experiences unconditional positive
regard or real caring for the client
5. The therapist experiences empathy for the
clients internal frame of reference and endeavors
to communicate this to the client
6. The communication to the client is, to a minimal
degree, achieved
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 7 (4)

Major roles of counselor

and client
Because of the essential nature of the
relationship, the major role of counselor is to
create an atmosphere of genuineness,
unconditional positive regard and empathic
understanding and to reflect content to the
client.
The reflection may include the counselors
own feelings so long as they are genuine and
the counselor owns them as his or her own.
The challenges for the counselor lie in his or
her willingness to also be changed by and
grow through the counseling relationship and
to be open and transparent to the client.

Major roles of counselor

and client
The clients role is to do, think, say or
feel whatever they are experiencing
in the moment.
Within the atmosphere of
unconditional positive regard, the
client will be able to experience his or
her feeling about the experiences and
the incongruence in his or her life and
will by nature, know and choose the
course toward growth and
actualization.

The Therapist
Focuses on the quality of the therapeutic
relationship
Serves as a model of a human being
struggling toward greater realness
Is genuine, integrated, and authentic,
without a false front
Can openly express feelings and
attitudes that are present in the
relationship with the client
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 7 (5)

Gestalt Therapy

Be who you are and say what you feel because those
who mind dont matter and those who matter dont
mind.
Dr. Seuss

Chapter Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
Outline the development of Gestalt therapy and Fritz Perls
Explain the theory of Gestalt therapy including its core
concepts
Discuss the counseling relationship and goals in Gestalt therapy
Describe assessment, process, and techniques in Gestalt
therapy
Demonstrate some therapeutic techniques
Clarify the effectiveness of Gestalt therapy
Discuss Gestalt play therapy

2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of

Cengage Learning

Fritz Perls
A native of Germany
Childhood of questioning and rebellion
Degree from Friedrich Wilhelm University
in 1921
Worked in South Africa for 12 years and
there formulated all the ideas he would
later call Gestalt therapy
Lived in New York, Miami, California and
British Columbia
2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of
Cengage Learning

The Nature of People

The most important areas of concern are
the thoughts and feelings that people are
experiencing at the moment
Normal healthy behavior occurs when
people act and react as total organisms.
Many people fragment their lives,
distributing concentration and attention
among several things at one time

2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of

Cengage Learning

The Nature of People

View of human nature is positive
People are capable of becoming selfregulating beings who can achieve a sense of
unity and integration in their lives
Lose your mind and come to your senses
Awareness alone can be curative
With full awareness self-regulation develops
and the total person takes control

2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of

Cengage Learning

General principles for healthy

functioning
1. Valuing the here-and-now in order to experience
each minute fully
2. Embracing self-awareness and experience,
understanding and accepting all parts of self
3. Prizing wholeness or responsibility and
understanding life is a process; as people mature
they move past old ways and become more selfsufficient, self-observing, and self-understanding
(Fall et al., 2004)

2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of

Cengage Learning

People cause themselves problems by

not handling their lives in these ways:
Lacking contact with their
environment.
Confluence: incorporate themselves
into others or the environment into
themselves
Unfinished business: unfulfilled needs,
unfinished situations

2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of

Cengage Learning

Cause of problems
Fragmentation: inability to find what
one needs caused fragmentation
Top/under dog: split between what
they should do and what they want to
do
Polarities: need to resolve conflicts
between existing polarities
2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of
Cengage Learning

Five Types of Polarities

1. Physical: masculine-feminine, and
parasympathetic-sympathetic nervous
system
2. Emotional: pleasure-pain, love-hate,
excitement-depression, love-hate
3. Mental: Parent-child, feeling-reason, top
dog-underdog
4. Spiritual: intellectual doubt dogmatism
5. Inter-Individual: man-woman, blackwhite, Christian-Jew
2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of
Cengage Learning

Theory of Counseling
The five layers of neurosis (counseling stages)
1. Phony Layer: Trying to be what they are not
2. Phobic Layer: Aware of the fears that force the Phony
game
3. Impasse Layer: Shed environmental supports of their
game without a better way to cope with fears and
dislikes
4. Implosive Layer: Aware of how they limit themselves
and begin to experiment with new behaviors
5. Explosive Layer: Discover unused energy tied up
maintaining a phony existence

2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of

Cengage Learning

Theory of Counseling

1. Body language project thoughts onto empty

chair as significant person
2. Direct experience of the here and now
Integration and maturation Gestalts as new
needs
3. Help people help themselves grow up
4. Integration is creating whole person whose
behavior matches their inner state
5. People should: grow in awareness take
responsibility for their actions move from
environmental support to self support
2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of
Cengage Learning

A sampling of counseling
methods
I language: Disallow you
as in you know how it is
Substitute wont for cant
Insist on client taking responsibility
Substitute what and how for why
what do you feel not why do you feel
No gossiping: talk to people not about
people
Use an empty chair to talk to
2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of
Cengage Learning

A sampling of counseling
methods
Change questions to statements
I should not do you think I should
Take responsibility: Right now I feel
_______and I take _______ % of the
responsibility
Sentence completion
I help/hurt myself when I ___________

2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of

Cengage Learning

Sampling of counseling
methods
Bipolarities Top/under dog or I should vs.
I want
o Use an empty chair for a discussion
o Client sits in one chair to defend I should
o Moves to another chair to discuss I want

My greatest weakness

o Write a paragraph on my greatest

weakness and why it is a strength

2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of

Cengage Learning

Decision Making
SYNERGISE
SYNTHESIZE

TOP DOG
I SHOULD

UNDER DOG
I WANT
COMPROMISE
2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of
Cengage Learning

Counseling method
Integrate thoughts and feelings
For three closest people write
I resent _____
I demand _____ and
I appreciate _____

2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of

Cengage Learning

Counseling methods
Fantasy Games for creating
awareness
Client fantasizes being an animal
and tries to understand what it feels
like

Wise person: client asks and

answers one question to/from a
wise person
2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of
Cengage Learning

Counseling Methods
Dream Work

Dreaming is an awareness of the world

Pieces of a dream are fragments of a

personality that must be integrated

Describe a dream list the objects

client gives a voice to each part and has
them converse

2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of

Cengage Learning

Gestalt Play Therapy

Concern of therapy is the integrated
functioning of all aspects of the child
so that senses, body, emotions, and
intellect are well coordinated in a
creative adjustment
A dance that sometimes the counselor
leads and other times the child leads
Contact is having the ability to be
completely present in a situation
2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of
Cengage Learning

Gestalt Play Therapy

Goal is to restore the childs
natural functioning and selfregulatory processes
Experiencing the contacting
process leads to integration, choice
and change

2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of

Cengage Learning

Gestalt Play Therapy

Focus on development of inner
strength and confidence in the
child through opportunities to
make choices, achieve mastery,
own their projections, participate in
imaginative play, and expel
aggressive energy appropriately

2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of

Cengage Learning

Cross-cultural Applications
Works well for some and offends others (such
as cultures where emotions are not expressed)
Dedicated to lifestyle change rather than
problem resolution: If you learn how to
behave, the problems will take care of
themselves.
Present oriented but past can be dealt with
using empty chair
People are responsible for their lives no
victims discounts the past
Counselor must (in all cases) adapt to the
culture and world view of their clients
2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of
Cengage Learning

Managed Health Care

1. Managed health care companies would
have difficulties with this approach
because of the lack of specificity
2. How do you know when therapy is
finished? When the client has achieved
the open honest manner of interaction
3. Can be viewed as instant cure because
that sometimes happens quickly

2011 Brooks/Cole, A Division of

Cengage Learning

Theory and Practice of

Counseling and
Psychotherapy
MacDonald
Existential Therapy

Questions?
What key concepts do you know in terms
of existential therapy?
What is the meaning or purpose of your life?
What do you want from life?
Where is the source of meaning for you in life?

How do you work through a sense of no self

and feeling alone?
What are the possible reasons that people tend
to blame others for their problems?
What is the positive motivation of being anxious?
If you only have 30 days left, whats your
feelings? What will you do?

Question
What key concepts do you
know in terms of
existential therapy?

Existential Therapy

A Philosophical/Intellectual Approach to
Therapy
View of Human Nature
The capacity for self-awareness
The tension between freedom & responsibility
The creation of an identity & establishing
meaningful relationships
The search for meaning, purpose, and values
of life
Accepting anxiety as a condition of living
The awareness of death and nonbeing

The Capacity for SelfAwareness

We can reflect and make choices because
we are capable of self-awareness.
Expanding our awareness in realizing that:
We are finite - time is limited
We have the potential, the choice, to act or not
to act
Meaning is not automatic - we must seek it
We are subject to loneliness, meaninglessness,
emptiness, guilt, and isolation

Question
What are the possible
reasons that people tend
to blame others for their
problems?

Freedom and Responsibility

We are free to choose among alternatives
We are responsible for our lives, for our
action, and for our failure to take action.
Blaming others for their problems-- Recognize how they allowed others to
decide for them and the price they pay
Encourage them to consider the
alternative options

Striving for Identity

Identity is the courage to be
We must trust ourselves to search within
and find our own answers
Our great fear is that we will discover
that there is no core, no self
Struggling with our identity:
Challenging clients---in what ways that
they have lost touch with they identity
and letting others to design their life.

Question?
How do you work
through a sense of no
self and feeling alone?

Relationship to others
Aloneness
We are alone---So, we must give a sense of
meaning to life, decide how we will live, have
a relationship with ourselves, and learn to
listen to ourselves.
Relatedness
We need to create a close relationship with
others
Challenging clients----What they get from
they relationship? How they avoid close
relationship?

Question
What is the meaning or purpose of
your life?
What do you want from life?
Where is the source of meaning for you
in life?

The Search for Meaning

Therapists trust is important in
teaching clients to trust their own
capacity to find their way of being.
Meaninglessness in life leads to
emptiness and hollowness (existential
vacuum)
Finding meaning in life is a by-product
of engagement, which is a
commitment to creating, loving,
working, and building.

Question
What is the positive
motivation of being
anxious?

Anxiety A Condition of
Living
Anxiety arises from ones strivings to survive.
Existential anxiety is normal
an outcome of being confronted with the four
given of existence: death, freedom, existential
isolation, and meaninglessness.
Recognize existential anxiety and find ways to
deal with it constructively.
Anxiety can be a stimulus for growth as we
become aware of and accept our freedom
If we have the courage to face ourselves and life
we may be frightened, but we will be able to
change

Question
If you only have 30 days
left, whats your feelings?
What will you do?

Awareness of Death

Death provides the motivation

for us to live our lives fully and
take advantage of each
opportunity to do something
meaningful.

Therapeutic Goals
To expand self-awareness
To increase potential choices
To help client accept the
responsibility for their choice
To help the client experience
authentic existence

Therapists Function and

Role
Understand the clients subjective
world
Encourage clients to accept personal
responsibility
When clients blame others, therapist
is likely to ask them how they
contributed to their situation.

Clients Experience in
Therapy
They are challenged to take responsibility for
how they now choose to be, decide how they
want to be different, and take actions.
Major themes in therapy sessions are anxiety,
freedom and responsibility, isolation, death,
and the search for meaning.
Assist client in facing life with courage, hope,
and a willingness to find meaning in life.

Relationship Between Therapist

and Client
Therapy is a journey taken by therapist
and client
The person-to-person relationship is key
The relationship demands that therapists be in
contact with their own world

The core of the therapeutic relationship

Respect and faith in the clients potential to
cope and discover alternative ways of being
Therapists share their reactions to clients with
genuine concern and empathy as one way of
deepening the therapeutic relationship.

Therapeutic techniques
and procedures
It is not technique-oriented
The interventions are based on
philosophical views about the nature of
human existence.
Free for draw techniques from other
orientations
The use of therapist self is the core of
therapy

Questions
Which populations is existential
therapy particularly useful?
Which issues is existential therapy
particularly useful?

Areas of Application
Grief work, facing a significant
decision, developmental crisis,
coping with failures in marriage
and work, dealing with physical
limitations due to age

From a multicultural
perspective
Contributions
Applicable to diverse clients to search
for meaning for life
Be able to examine the behavior is
influenced by social and cultural factors.
Help clients to weigh the alternatives
and consequences.
Change external environment and
recognize how they contribute

From a multicultural
perspective
Limitations
Excessively individualistic
Ignore social factors that cause human problems
Even if clients change internally, they see little
hope the external realities of racism or
discrimination will change
For many cultures, it is not possible to talk about
self and self-determination apart from the
context of the social network
Many clients expect a structured and problemoriented approach instead of discussion of
philosophical questions.

Summary and Evaluation

Contributions
Stress self-determination accepting the
personal responsibility along with freedom
View oneself as the author of ones life
Understand the value of anxiety and guilty, the
positive meaning of death, the positive aspects
of being alone and choosing for oneself
Enable clients to examine how their behavior is
being influenced by social and cultural
conditioning.

Summary and Evaluation

Limitations
Lacks of a systemic principles and
practice for therapy
No empirical research validation yet
Limited to apply to lower-functioning
clients, clients who need directions, are
concerned about meeting basic needs,
and lack of verbal skills

Case 1
I find myself terrified when I am
alone. I need people around me
constantly, and if Im forced to be
alone, then I run from myself by
watching TV. Id like to learn how to
be alone and feel comfortable about
it.
What are the issues?
What can you do to help this client?

Case 2
I feel like my existence does not
matter to anyone. If I were to die
today, I fully believe that it wouldnt
make a difference to anyone.
What are the issues?
What can you do to help this client?

Case 3
I rarely feel close to another person.
While I want this closeness, I am
frightened of being rejected. Instead
of letting anyone get close to me, I
build walls that keep them removed.
What can I do to lessen my fear of
being rejected?
What are the issues?
What can you do to help this client?

Questions
Please discuss at least three
questions to ask speakers regarding
the career issues in social work,
private practice, counseling, and
family and marriage?

THE CREATIVE
COUNSELLOR:
INTEGRATING THE
EXPRESSIVE ARTS
INTO YOUR
THERAPEUTIC
PRACTICE
By Jannah Tudiver, MA, CCC, LPC
& Catherine Fawcett, MA, MSW, RSW

INTRODUCTIONS

& WARM-UP ACTIVITY

WHY USE THE

EXPRESSIVE ARTS IN
YOUR PRACTICE?
New tool for your
toolkit
Address client issues
Well suited to brief
therapy
Stay inspired & avoid
burnout
Practice self-care

CREATIVE
EXPRESSION
& MENTAL HEALTH
1800s to the 1900s:
Arts as adjunct to
medicine & psychiatry
Moral therapy for
mental illness

1920s:
Joseph Moreno:
psychodrama
Florence Goodenough:
art assessment for
cognitive development
Margaret Lowenfield:
foundations of play
therapy & sandtray
therapy

1930s and 1940s:

Expressive therapies
more well known
Self-expression as
alternative to talk
therapy
Major psychiatric
hospitals include arts in
treatment

1950s ONWARDS
(abridged version)
Professional associations & standards
developed
Expressive therapies integrated into
medical, mental health, & rehabilitative
settings

WHAT ARE THE

EXPRESSIVE
THERAPIES?
The use of art, music,
dance/movement, drama,
poetry/creative writing,
play, and sandtray within
the context of
psychotherapy,
counseling, rehabilitation,
or health care
Cathy Malchiodi, 2005

TYPES OF EXPRESSIVE
THERAPIES:

Art Therapy
Music Therapy
Drama Therapy
Dance/Movement Therapy
Poetry Therapy
Play Therapy
Sandtray Therapy
**Expressive Arts Therapy
Each discipline has its own
association, qualifications, &
professional standards

COMMON THEMES
AMONG EXPRESSIVE
THERAPIES:

Sensory-based
Creativity
Aesthetic focus
Action-based/bodybased

WHAT IS EXPRESSIVE
ARTS THERAPY?
Arts-based psychotherapy
Interdisciplinary
Integrates the arts eg.
imagery, dance, music,
drama, poetry,
movement, & visual arts
Goal: wellness & healing

BACKGROUND OF
EXPRESSIVE ARTS
THERAPY:
Newest arts-based
therapy
Began in 1970s at Lesley
College Graduate School

ALTERNATE NAMES FOR

EXPRESSIVE ARTS
THERAPY:
Expressive Therapy
Integrative Arts Therapy
Intermodal Expressive
Therapy
Multimodal Expressive
Therapy
A rose by any other name
would smell as sweet

GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF
EXPRESSIVE ARTS
THERAPY:
Reclaims our innate
capacity for creative
expression
Creative expression is a
healing, growth producing
process
Therapeutic transformation
possible through expression

GUIDING PRINCIPLES
OF EXPRESSIVE ARTS
THERAPY:

The arts are for everyone

Low skill/high sensitivity
Depth-oriented
Layering of modalities

KEY THEORISTS IN
EXPRESSIVE ARTS
THERAPY:
Natalie Rogers: creative
connection; person-centered
Shaun McNiff: therapy of the
imagination; art as
medicine
Paulo Knill: arts are within
each other; de-centering
process

APPALACHIAN STATES
PERSPECTIVE:
Natural world as model
for creative process
Reclaiming ancient
integration of arts & life
& healing
Dream-work emphasis
The person of the
therapist

ASSOCIATION &
REGISTRATION
International Expressive Arts
Therapy Association (IEATA),
1994
Registered Expressive Arts
Therapist (REAT) &
Registered Expressive Arts
Consultant/ Educator (REACE)
Additional Resources:
Creative Arts in Counselling
Chapter, CCPA
See Resource List

WHAT POPULATIONS
WILL THIS WORK WITH?
The expressive arts are
used with a variety of
populations & presenting
issues including:

Psychiatric disorders
Developmental disorders
Cognitive disabilities
Issues including: addiction,
trauma, grief, anxiety, &
depression

EXPRESSIVE ARTS ARE

UTILIZED WITH:
Clients of all ages
Clients with diverse
backgrounds
Individuals & families
Groups
Outreach programs
Expressive Arts Therapy is
practiced & taught in many
countries eg. Peru, Israel &
Switzerland

WHO USES
EXPRESSIVE
THERAPIES?
Approximately 30,000
practitioners in the U.S. are
formally trained in
therapeutic use of the arts
Arts-based interventions
have been integrated into
fields such as medicine,
social work, counselling,
psychiatry & psychology

CURRENT RESEARCH
Recent research topics on the
therapeutic use of expressive arts
include:

Creative writing in prevention &

psychotherapy
Music therapy in hospice & palliative
care
Creative therapies in treatment for PTSD
Dance therapy for women survivors of
sexual abuse
Increasing counsellor empathy through
theatre exercises
Guided imagery & relaxation for women
in early stage breast cancer
Promoting positive mental health
through art therapy
The use of the arts in grief & loss

A HANDSON
EXPERIENC
E

SIMPLE WAYS TO INTEGRATE THE

EXPRESSIVE ARTS INTO YOUR
THERAPEUTIC PRACTICE

RECOMMENDATIONS
FOR PRACTICE:
Try the activity 1st yourself
Focus on process over
product
Respond to art with process
comments; avoid likes &
dislikes
Counter negative statements
eg I cant do art
Explore when to participate
versus when to be a witness
Create openings & closings