Professional Documents
Culture Documents
THERMODYNAMICS 1
CHAPTER 1
Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics
Mr MOHD HAFIDZAL BIN MOHD HANAFI
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
UTeM
[hafidzal@utem.edu.my]
[019-3921546]
[06-2346885]
What is
Thermodynamics?
Dynamos = power
Science of energy
Classical
Statistical
Cont
Classical Thermodynamics
Atomic or Molecular
Statistical Thermodynamics
Microscopic
the degree of
molecular activity
Fundamental (Primary)
Time (s)
Mass (kg)
Length (m)
Temperature (deg. C)
Current (A)
Derived (Secondary)
Velocity (m/s)
Force (N)
Pressure (Pa)
Energy (J)
Frequency (Hz)
Prefixes
F = ma
m is mass
a is acceleration
On the surface of the earth we
usually call the acceleration, g
g = 9.8 m/sec2
g = 32.174 ft/sec2
Exercise!!!
A man at sea level has a mass of 63kg.Find:1. The man weight on earth (g)
2. The man weight on moon (g/6)
Systems
System
A quantity of matter or a region
in space chosen for study
Surrounding
The mass or region outside the
system
Boundary
The real or imaginary surface
that separate system and
surrounding
contact surface shared by both
system and surrounding
Cont
2 types of system:
Closed system
Open system
Closed System
Open System
Control Volume
volume fixed
Allow both mass and energy transfer across
boundary
Mass constant
Example : Pump , Compressor , Valve ,
Turbine
Energy = E
Macroscopic forms
Respect to some outside reference frame
Microscopic
Related to the molecular structure
Macroscopic Energy
Short Quiz
Calculate the P.E
60 kg
P.E = mgh
Use g = 9.81 m/s
= 60 kg x 9.81m/s2 x 2m
2 meter
= 1177.2 Joules
Magnetic
Electrical
Surface Tension
These are specialized, and we dont
usually need to include them
Microscopic Energy
E U KE PE
1
2
KE mV
2
PE mgz
1
2
E U mV mgz
2
Exercise
Properties of a System
Intensive
Does not depend on the systems size
Temperature
Pressure
Extensive
Depends on the systems size
Volume
Mass
Total Energy
Density
= m/V
Specific Volume
v = V/m = 1/r
State
Process
Process diagrams
Cycle
P1
Process Path I
State 1
State 2
Process Path II
P2
Pressure
Units of pressure
F
P
A
N
Pa 2
m
1 atm = 101,325 Pa
P1 = P2 ,P2 P3 P2 P3
P a = Pb = Pc
depth
pressure
WHY???
Pressure
Atmosphere pressure
Absolute pressure
Gauge pressure
Vacuum pressure
Exercise
A pressure gage connected to a tank
reads 500 kPa at a location where the
atmospheric pressure is 94 kPa.
Determine the absolute pressure in the
tank.
Bourdon tube
Barometer
Manometer
Barometer
P=gh
For a given barometer the density and
the acceleration due to gravity are
constants, so
Pressure is directly proportional to
height
Pressure is often measured in mmHg
1 atm = 760 mmHg
Barometer
F
P
gh
A
A
F mg ghA
m V hA
h
V hA
Note: The pressure
measured by a
barometer is
independent of cross
sectional area
Exercise
Patm = gh
Manometer
Cont
Exercise
A manometer is used to
measure the pressure in
tank. The fluid used has a
specific gravity of 0.85,
and the manometer
height is 55 cm. If the
local atmospheric
pressure is 96 kPa,
determine the absolute
pressure within the tank.
Temperature
Measures the energy content of matter
(degree of hotness or coldness)
Difference in temperature causes heat
transfer from hot body to cold body until
thermal equilibrium is reached.
Absolute unit for T is Kelvin and Rankine.
If T1 = T3 & T2 = T3
THEN T1 = T2
Exercise
Air at a temperature of 350 enters an air
conditioning unit and is cooled at 20 0 at the
outlet from the unit. What is the temperature
difference between the inlet and the outlet in
(a) Celsius (b) Kelvin ?
THANK YOU
Q & A Session ???