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CALCULATIONS
BY
CH.NARASIMHA MURTHY
CONSULATANT/ CIRE
VOLTAGE REGULATIONDefinition
VOLTAGE REGULATION IS EXPRESSED AS
A PERCENTAGE DROP WITH REFERENCE
TO THE RECEIVING VOLTAGE
PERCENTAGE REGULATION= 100(EsEr)/Er
Where Es= Sending Voltage
Er= Receiving Voltage
Permissible Voltage
Regulations
over
Declared voltage
%Variation
ES
Z=R+j
x
Load
Er
Es
IxX
Qr
Er
I
Er
cosr
I
R
IR
Er Snr
Er
}
Last term is usually of negligible order
Therefore
E r2
VOLTAGE REGULATION
% VR= (Es-Er)*100
in the line
= I(R cosr+X sinr)* 100
Er
For a leading power factor angle r will be
negative:
Hence % VR = I(R cosr-X sinr)* 100
Er
CALCULATION OF VRs
From the above equation ,it may be seen
that voltage drop is to be calculated at
every node of the network in order to
arrive at the VR at the tail end or any
point of the network consisting of number
of nodes ( or Tap off points) to check up
whether the % VR is within permissible
limits and whether there is cushion for
addition of further loads or a new network
is to be planned.
CALCULATION OF VRs
The above method is quite
cumbersome and time consuming.
Digital computer and a reputed
software is required for carrying out
rigourous analysis of networks.
However for making quick hand
calculations simpler method using
what is known as Regulation
Constants is available
CALCULATION OF REGULATION
CONSTANT (RC)
A Typical Radial Feeder having N
nodes.
n+1 is the source node(132/33 kv or
33/11 Kv or 11/.4 KV substations)
CALCULATION OF REGULATION
CONSTANT (RC)
Consider a radial network having n nodes
with loads (p1,q1),(p2,q2).(pn,qn) at nodes
1,2.n
P1,p2,pn are active loads & q1,q2.qn are
reactive loads. Apparent load say at node I
=Sqrt(pi2+qi2)
n+1 is the source/supply node. eg.,33/11 kv
substation in case of 11 kv network OR
132/33 kv substation in case of 33 kv
network
CALCULATION OF REGULATION
CONSTANT (RC)
Total Voltage drop in the Network
=Sum of voltage drops in sections 1to n
n
=
Ii *(Li*ri cos +Lixi sin) *100
i=1
n
kvai*Li*(ri cos + xi sin)}
*100
i=1
sqrt(3)*kv *(Er/sqrt(3))*1000
CALCULATION OF REGULATION
CONSTANT (RC)
kv=Es=Er(as the difference between E s
and Er is small)
% VR= (rcos+xsin)*kvai*Li
10 *(kv)2
The product kvai*Li is known as kva-km
of the line i.e., sum of products of
load(kva) in the section and its length(km)
Hence % VR= (rcos+xsin)*Kva-km
10*(kv)2
CALCULATION OF REGULATION
CONSTANT (RC)
RC= %VR for kva-km=100
=(rcos+xsin)*100
10*(kv)2
RC can also be expressed as kva-km for
1% VR i.e., 1= (rcos+xsin)*Kva-km
10*(kv)2
Hence kva-km for 1% VR=
10*(kv)2
rcos+xsin
Size of
ACSR
conducto
r
normally
used
80MM2
(7/4.09
mm)
Rac
con
17.77
160
100 MM2
Dog 300
20.55
185
(6/4.72+7/
1.57)
%
Regulatio
n for 100
KVA KM
Maximum
MVA KM
Loading(For
9% VR)
Size of
ACSR
conducto
r
normally
used
%
Regulatio
n for 100
KVA KM
Maximum
KVA KM
Loading(For
8% VR)
50MM2
(7/3.35
mm)
Rab
bit
183
1697
0.05892
13576
30 MM2
(7/2.59)
Wea 123
sel
1156
0.08648
9248
20 MM2
(7/2.11)
Squi 97
rrel
825
0.12115
6600
Size of
ACSR
conducto
r
normally
used
%
Regulatio
n for 100
KVA KM
Maximum
KVA KM
Loading(For
6% VR)
50MM2
(7/3.35
mm)
Rab
bit
183
2.51
39.80
15.06
30 MM2
(7/2.59)
Wea 123
sel
1.69
58.87
10.14
20 MM2
(7/2.11)
Squi 97
rrel
1.2
83.20
7.2
Calculation of Voltage
Regulation on 33 KV Line
1x8MVA 33/11
KV ss
1 Kms
30 kms
20 Kms
2km
13L/33 KV
SS
16 kms
C
33/11 KVSS 2x5
MVA(10 MVA)
Calculation of Voltage
Regulation on 33 KV Line
Taking moments in MVA-KM
AB 23x30
=690
BD 13x20
=260
DF
16x5
= 80
Total MVA-KM 1030
% VR at F with a DF of 1.5= 1030
=1030
RCxDF
20.55x1.5
=33.41
10
0
25
10
0
25
63
10
0
63
10
0B
A
1
33/11K
V SUBSTN
1.5
1.
5
I
H
0.5
I
2
25
100
63
10
0
63
2.5
10
0
1
100
2.5
63
63
10
0
P
Q
N
10
0
2.5
M
1503 X 1 =
1403 X 1.5
1215 X 1.5
1114 X 0.5
927 X 1.0
765 X 1.0
601 X 2.0
413 X 2.0
288 X 2.5
Total KVA-KM
1503
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
2104.5
1822.5
577.5
927.0
764.0
1202.0
826.0
720.0
10,4625
188
44
12.5
244.5
Calculation of Voltage
Regulation for LT 3 phase Line
7.5
HP
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
5 HP
5 HP
C
0 25
02
0.1
Cr
11/0.4 kv
DTC
5HP
7.5HP
10
11HP
7.5 HP
Calculation of Voltage
Regulation for LT 3 phase Line
Taking moments in HP X KM we have
1)47.5 X 0.3 = 14.25
2)42.5 X 0.2 = 8.50
3)35 X0.2
= 7.00
4)27.5 X 0.1 = 2.75
5)22.5 X0.25 = 5.625
6)15 x 0.2
= 3.00
7)10 X 0.1
= 1.00
Total HPKM
42.125
Calculation of Voltage
Regulation for LT 3 phase Line
%VR=Total HP KM X Regulation
constant for 100 KVA KM xConversion
factor from HP to KW/
100 X DF
% VR= 42.125 X 39.8 X 0.746/100 X
1.5 = 6%
(Where the Regulation constant of
7/3.35mm ACSR
at 0.8 PF is
39.8/100 kva-km; DF = 1.5)
PRESENT PRACTICES
VOLTAGE REGULATION (V.R)
Farthest Point of Network Is
Considered as Tail End
Consequent Sections between SS
and Tail End Constitute Main Line
Loads on the spur lines assumed to
be concentrated at the points where
the spur lines tap off from the Main
Line
PRESENT
PRACTICES(Contd)
The Total Load incident on each section
PRESENT PRACTICES
(Contd)
LOSSES
Product of square of load and distance for
each section(including sections on spur
lines) calculated
KVA2-KM for feeder obtained by adding
KVA2-KM of all sections, multiplied by Loss
Constant (L.C) to obtain Peak Power
Loss(ppl)
Kwh loss=ppl*LLF*No.of hours in the peroid
n-1
n-2
n
+1
Pn
qn
Pn-1
qn-1
Pn-2
qn-2
p3
q3
PL1
PL1
p2
p1
q2
q1
QLi= Qj +QLOSj
Calculate the voltage at each node starting from
sending end and proceeding towards tailend
E2i+1 = Ei 2+2 x(PLi x RLi+QLi x XLi)+
(PLi2+QLi2)RLi/Ei2
Calculate the active power loss and reactive
power loss in each section
PLOSi =(PL2i+QLi2)RLi/Ei2
QLOSi= (PLi2+Qli2)XLi/Ei2
ERR=ABS(NEWLOSOLDLOS)/NEWLOS
Check whether ERR is less than
convergence criteria set. If Yes,
Terminate the Algorithm.
COMPARISION OF VOLTAGE
AND PEAK POWER LOSS
Method
Maximum
Voltage
Drop %
Peak
Power
Loss KW
Computer Aided
Load Flow
Conventional
Method of
Voltage Drop and
Loss Constants
22.5
406.0
16.2
235.0
38.89
72.76
% Error
THANK YOU