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Pythagorean Theorem
The sum of the squares of the
short sides of a right triangle is
equal to the square of its
hypotenuse. For the triangle of
Figure on next slide
Hence, we can always express the
length of any of the sides of a right
triangle in terms of the lengths of
the other sides:
Electric Charge
After being
rubbed on a
piece of fur, an
amber rod
acquires a
charge and can
attract small
objects.
Electric Charge
Charging both amber and glass rods shows that there are two types
of electric charge;
The atom
An atom is a fundamental unit of
matter
made up of
Oxygen atom
What is electricity?
Everything is made of atoms which contain
POSITIVE particles called PROTONS and
NEGATIVE particles called ELECTRONS.
Electron (-)
Proton (+)
Neutron
Electron (-)
Proton (+)
Neutron
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Charge is Quantized
When a physical quantity
such as charge can have
only discrete values rather
than any values, we say
that quantity is quantized.
Charge conservation
Coulombs Law
The force one charge exerts an other is
given by Coulombs Law
The magnitude of the electrostatic force of
interaction between two point charges is
directly proportional to the multiplication of the
magnitudes of charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance
between them.
If the two charges have the same sign, the
electrostatic force between them is repulsive; if
they have different sign, the force between
them is attractive.
F = K q1q2
r2
Electric Field
What is electricity?
So electricity is
movement of charge round a
circuit.
We call this electric current.
I
Electric current is the movement
of
negative charges (electrons) in a
circuit
Amps (A)
Q
I
t
Charge transferred
in coulombs (C)
Q It
or
Q
t
I
CURRENT
ow of charge from one place to anoth
Electric
Current:
The flow of
electric
charges.
Electric
Current, I
I=q
t
Rate
Unit: Coulomb / sec = Ampere
Andre Ampere (1775-1836)
(A)
http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/36/236-004-D4AA985F.gi
Ohms Law
Resistance
Depends on type of material,
size and shape, temperature.
R= L
A
L: length of the wire
A: cross-sectional area
: resistivity (inherent to material)
Temperature Dependence of
Resistance
Direct
Current
DC
Provided by
batteries
Alternating
Current
AC
Provided by
power companies
Example:
What charge flows through a cross
sectional area of a wire in 10min, if
the ammeter measures a current of
5mA?
Answer: 3C
Resistance
V = IR
Resistor
An object that
has a given
resistance.
The battery
pumps positive
charges from
low (-) to
high (+)
potential.
Electric Circuit
A resistor uses
up energy.
When the
current goes
through the
resistor it goes
to a lower
potential.
Electric Circuit
Question:
Example:
Calculate the current through a 3
resistor when a voltage of 12V
is applied across it.
Answer: 4 A
Example:
A 6 resistor has a power source of
20V across it. What will happen to
the resistance if the voltage doubles?
Potentiometer
A variable
resistance.
Used for dimmers,
fan speed controls,
etc.
Potentiometer Symbol
Example:
Calculate the current through a 3
resistor when a voltage of 12V is
applied across it.
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Measures electric
current.
Must be placed in
series.