Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TREATMENT
TRAINING MANUAL
MAY-2001
(REV.-0)
INDEX
TOPIC
PAGE NO.
4- 24
25- 37
38- 47
48- 56
57-69
70-74
75-88
102- 118
3
General
Only qualified supervisors and operators including
LSR operators shall be authorised to operate furnace.
A list of qualified personnel shall be prepared by QA
and published periodically.
Thjs manual is prepared on the basis of experience
and feedback, taken from various personnel.
This manual is for reference only.
HEAT TREATMENT
WHY IS IT REQUIRED ?
TO ENHANCE MATERIAL PROPERTIES / EASE IN
FABRICATION BY CHANGING
Strength,Improve corrosion resistance
Toughness/Ductility
Hardness,Dimensional stability etc
Remove diffusible hydrogen to avoid hydrogen
cracking
CARRIED OUT IN FABRICATION INDUSTRIES
,STEEL PLANTS, FOUNDRY, FORGING SHOPS etc..
7
ALLOYS
Single Phase : Copper Nickel
Multiphase : Steels-LAS,QT
UNEQUILIBRIUM PHASES to
EQUILIBRIUM:(Stabilise Microstructure &
Phases)
Stainless Steels ,Maraging Steels
STRESSED to UNSTRESED
All Materials
CREATION OF UNEQUILIBRIUM
CONDITIONS
Steels
10
NORMALIZING
ANNEALING
STRESS RELIEVING
SOLUTION ANNEALING-Mainly SS
HARDENING
TEMPERING
AGING
11
12
13
NORMALIZING
The steel is heated to 40 C above the upper critical
temperature(910 c) followed by cooling in the still
air.
Normalizing is done to achieve the following :
To get Uniform structure and reduce chemical
gradients
To change Mechanical properties,
UTS,YS
Hardness
Impact properties
14
ANNEALING
In this process, the steel is heated from 10 to
50C
above
the
upper
critical
temperature(910c) and held for the desired
length of time; followed by very slow
cooling in the furnace
Annealing is done to achieve following :
SOLUTION ANNEALING
In Stainless steels , it is heated to 1050C or
above ,and held for the desired time; followed by
quenching/blowing the air(cooling to room
temperature within few minutes).
Solution annealing is done on stainless steel and
non ferrous alloys to achieve following:
To soften the material
To dissolve carbide precipitation formed at grain
boundaries during manufacturing process
16
To improve Corrosion Resistance
AGING
The Material is heated to a certain temperature,
and held for the desired time; followed by
normally for precipitation hardened alloys or
cooling in air
Aging is done on materials susceptible for
aging characteristics : Maraging Steels
Normally increase in strength
To Improve Toughness/Ductile-brittle transition
temp.
17
AGING
Maraging Steels
M250
Temperature : 485 C
Normally 3 Hrs 15 mts
Heating Rate : 200 C per hr per inch
Cooling Rate : Cool in Air / Quench in water
18
STRESS RELIEVING
The steel is heated to a temperature below or close to the
lower critical point, followed by desired rate of cooling and
there is no change in grain structure.
Stress relieving is done to achieve following :
To reduce Internal Stresses (residual Stresses)
To soften the steel partially
To improve ductile-brrittle transition temp. and equalize
impact values
19
STRESS RELIEVING
C-Mn , C-Mo , Cr-Mo (< 2% Cr)
C - Mn Steels , C - Mo Steels,Cr-Mo Steels
SA 515Gr 70 , SA204GrA, SA387GR11CL1
STRESS RELIEVING
Cr-Mo Steels
Cr - Mo Steels (Cr >2%)
SA 335P22 ,SA335P5
704 - 720 C 5 Cr
21
STRESS RELIEVING
Ni -Steels
Nickel Steels : 1,2,3% Ni
SA 203 GrA ,D
STRESS RELIEVING
Steels enhanced by Heat Treatments
Q&T Steels :
9.5% Ni Steels , SA 517 Gr E
24
LAYOUT OF A TYPICAL
FURNACE
(Electrical or Gas fired )
FURNACE
THERMOCOUPLE
COMPENSATING
CABLE
JOB
RECORDER
CONTROLLING BURNER
P.I.D.
25
THERMOCOUPLES
PRINCIPLE OF A THERMOCOUPLE
THERMOCOUPLE MATERIALS
TYPES OF THERMOCOUPLES BEING
USED IN HZW
26
PRINCIPLE OF THERMOCOUPLE
The basic principle of thermoelectric
thermometry is that a thermocouple develops
an emf which is a function of the difference in
temperature of its measuring junction &
reference junction. If the temperature of
reference junction is known, the temperature
of the measuring junction can be determined
by measuring the emf generated in the circuit.
27
THERMOCOUPLE MATERIAL
REQUIREMENT
1. High coefficient of thermal emf.
2. Continuously increasing relation of emf to temperature over
a long range.
3. Freedom from phase changes or other phenomenon giving
rise to discontinuity in temperature emf relationships.
4. Resistance to oxidation, corrosion and contamination.
5. Homogeneity and reproducibility to fit an establish
temperature & emf relationship.
SPEED OF RESPONSE MAY BE IMPROVED AND
RADIATION & CONDUCTION ERRORS MAY BE REDUCED
28
BY THE USE OF SMALL DIAMETER THERMOCOUPLES.
TYPES OF THERMOCOUPLE
BEING USED IN HZW
K type :
Material
Nickel based
Properties :
Chromel
( 10 %Cr )
Alumel
+ ( 2 % Al )
Non-Magnetic +
Magnetic
TYPES OF THERMOCOUPLE
BEING USED IN HZW contd...
K type :
Dia :
Insulation
coated
2.5 mm
Bare(ceramic)
0. 7 mm
Refractory
Attachment
Mech
Capacitor
Usability
Reusable
Disposable
Location
PIT F/c
Color
30
CONSTRUCTION OF A
K TYPE THERMOCOUPLE
pid
Blue Color
White Color
Blue Color
recorder
+Ve
-Ve
Red Color
White/yellow
Welded
junction
+Ve
-Ve
Compensating
cable
Accuracy : 0.75%
White/yellow
Red Color
White Color
Thermocouple
wire
31
S TYPE THERMOCOUPLE
Accuracy : 0.25 %
S TYPE THERMOCOUPLE ARE THE STANDARD
THERMOCOUPLES.
MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION
90% PLATINUM + 10% RHODIUM
PLATINUM
ISSUE METHODOLOGY
COMPENSATING CABLE
COMPENSATING CABLE IS DEFINED AS A PAIR OF WIRES
HAVING SUCH EMF TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS
RELATED TO THE THERMOCOUPLE WITH WHICH THE
WIRES ARE INTENDED TO BE USED, THAT WHEN
PROPERLY CONNECTED TO THERMOCOUPLE THE
EFFECTIVE REFERENCE JUNCTION IS IN EFFECT
TRANSFERRED TO THE OTHER END OF THE WIRES.
MATERIAL ==> +ve COPPER ( white )
-ve COPPER NICKEL (blue ) for K TYPE .
P.I.D.
PID = PROPORTIONAL INTEGRAL DERIVATIVE
35
RECORDER
TYPES OF RECORDER
PAPERLESS --
36
GRAPH PAPER
GRAPH PAPERS ARE USED FOR PLOTTING THE
FURNACE TEMPERATURE VIA THERMOCOUPLE.
THEY ARE FITTED ON THE RECORDER.
GRAPH PAPER RECOMMENDED ON RECORDER ONLY
TO BE USED
GRAPH PAPER FOR MFS1 AND HFS1 FURNACE
==> ET 201 CHINO MAKE, JAPAN
GRAPH PAPER FOR PFS FURNACE
==> ET 001 CHINO MAKE, JAPAN
THE LENGTH OF ONE BUNDLE OF GRAPH PAPER IS
GENERALLY 2000 MM.
DOTTING TYPE RECORDER INK (CHINO MAKE, JAPAN)
IS USED IN RECORDER FOR PLOTTING OF GRAPH.
USUALLY , 6 COLOURS ARE FILLED FOR PLOTTING.
37
SEE ANNEXURE-10 FOR FURTHER DETAILS
STANDARD OPERATING
PROCEDURE FOR HFS-1
FURNACE
38
( ZONE-2 )
1640
( ZONE-4 )
( ZONE-6 )
( ZONE-8 )
BURNER
1650
7900
(BOGIE
WIDTH
)
1650
3575
( ZONE-1 )
3575
( ZONE-3 )
14300.
3575
( ZONE-5 )
3575
( ZONE-7 )
39
9000
1. PROJECT NO:
2. SECTION NO :
9500
3. CHARGE NO :
4. H. T. REQ. NO :
BURNER
1195
1050
8700
40
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
21.
43
23.
24.
25.
26.
44
28.
29.
For startup of furnace in other zones, follow the
same steps no 16 to 27 mentioned above.
30.
31.
33.
34.
35.
37.
38.
39.
Unload the job from the bogie and move the bogie
inside the furnace.
40.
47
STANDARD OPERATING
PROCEDURE FOR PFS
FURNACE
48
49
5500
2650
BURMER
BOGGIE WIDTH
1460
1050
1235
4100
50
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
21.
22.
23.
24.
treatment
process
and
graph
per
heat
treatment request.
26.
27.
28.
55
30.
31.
32.
56
STANDARD OPERATING
PROCEDURE FOR PIT
FURNACE IN MFS-I
57
FIRE BRICK
CERMIC
BLANKET
OUTER
SHELL
GROUND LEVEL
CERMIC FIBER
SLABER BLOCK
HEATING
ELEMENT
BAFFLE
INSULATING
CASTABLE
ROOF
CERAMIC
BLANKET
BLOWER
4020
125
250
TROLLEY
STRUCTURE
1380
4961
1000
58
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
59
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
14.
15.
16.
If the job calls for water quenching, lift the job and
dip it in quench tank.
17.
It the job calls for air cooling in still air, lift the job
and put it outside on supports in open air.
61
19.
20.
21.
3.
63
Calibration of recorder
1.
3.
4.
65
ACCURACY
1.
+/- 0.25%
2.
+/- 0.25%
3.
4.
5.
6.
Recorder
+/- 10C
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Close the furnace lid. Start the furnace and the recorder.
67
8.
9.
10.
11.
13.
14.
15.
69
STANDARD OPERATING
PRACTICES FOR LOCAL
STRESS RELIEVING
70
HOW
Weld width X +
lesser of 1T or 2
Inside radius
Heating band
Insulation band
72
LSR of C/S
Spider or
prop
No Welding at top
Multitonne roller
74
75
SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
burner
600mm
90
450mm
600mm
300mm(point no:2)
SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
78
SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
Zero gap
Supporting
arrangement
79
SUPPORTING ARRANGEMENTS
13. Checklist shall be prepared and attached with HT
request before furnace is fired as per Ann-1
14. Spot check report shall be filled by supervisor as
per Annexure-2 during job is being heat treated.
15. Moonplate support and welding inside surface
prior to release for Heat treatment as per
Annexure-4
16. General idea about thermocouple locations and its
attachments is as per Annexure-6
80
GENERAL
1. Blocking the flame of the burner is not desirable
2. Burner shall have blue flame and not yellow
3. Flame shall not directly impinge on job
4. All burners shall be fired at a time
5. Keep all job nozzles open during heat treatment
6. Above 24 nozzles / manways shall be located
towards bottom
81
GENERAL
Temp. support
Furnace floor
THERMOCOUPLES
1. All the thermocouples shall be
tagged with aluminum
sheet
and identification hard punched
on it.
(For PIT furnace only)
83
THERMOCOUPLES
84
THERMOCOUPLES
ATTACHMENTS
1. Use only TAU-90 capacitor Discharge Welding
machine for thermocouple connection
2.
3.
4.
THERMOCOUPLES
ATTACHMENTS
5.
6.
7.
8.
max. 3.0mm
Only calibrated thermocouple shall be used.
Calibration shall be by QA.
9.
THERMOCOUPLES
ATTACHMENT UNIT
87
SPECIAL NOTE
IF THE TEMPERATURE OF HEAT TREATMENT
EXCEEEDS
650-DEGREE
CENTIGRADE,
THE
88
CODE EXTRACTS
FURNACE PWHT
LSR
89
(UW-2)
MATERIAL
(UG-85, UW-40,UCS-56,UAT-80,UHA-32,UNF-79)
THICKNESS
(UG-85, UW-40,UCS-56,UAT-80,UHA-32,UNF-79)
LOW TEMERATURE
OPERATION
COLD WORKING
(UCS-68)
(UG-79)
CUSTOMER SPEC.
90
HOLDING TEMP.
1 ( CARBON
STEEL) & 3
(LOW ALLOY
STEEL)
NOM.
THICKNE
SS
UPTO 2
SOAKING PERIOD
OVER 2
TO 5
OVER 5
95
SERVICE CONDITION
LETHAL SERVICE PWHT IS MANDATORY
EXEMPTIONS ARE FEW
97
99
100
but in no case more than 500 F Per hour ( 278 C Per hour).
MINIMUM HOLDING
TIME AT DECREASED
TEMPERATURE (NOTE 1)
2 HOURS
NOTES
100(38C)
4 HOURS
----
150(68C)
10 HOURS
200(94C)
20 HOURS
----
NOTES :
1. MINIMUM HOLDING TIME FOR 1 THICKNESS OR LESS ; ADD 15 MINUTES PER INCH OF
THICKNESS FOR THICKNESS GREATER THAN 1.
2. THESE LOWER POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT TEMPERATURES PERMITTED ONLY FOR PNO.1 GROUP NO. 1 AND 2 MATERIALS.
101
102
103
104
105
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10000
10
SHELL THICKNESS
Annexure-5
9500
9000
8500
8000
7500
7000 ISMB 250
ISMB 250 BOX SEC
ISMB 250
6000
5500
5000
4500
4000
3500
ISMB 150
3000
2500
2000 ISMB 125
ISMB 150
1500
1000
100
90
80
70
60
ISMB 150
50
40
30
ISMB 125
20
500
10
SHELL DIAMETER
6500
SHELL THICKNESS
DATA FOR ABOVE CHANNELS:
DESIGNATION WT/ MTR.(KG) WEB HT FLG WD FLG THK WEB THK
ISMB 125
13
125
75
7.6
4.4
ISMB 150
14.9
150
80
7.6
4.8
ISMB 250
37.3
250
125
12.5
6.9
ISMC 250
30.4
250
80
14.1
7.1
106
107
HT REQUEST
Annexure-7
108
HT CHARGE
Annexure-8
109
Annexure-9
page 1 of 4
110
Annexure-9
page 2 of 4
111
Annexure-9
page 3 of 4
112
Annexure-9
page 4 of 4
113
Annexure-10
114
115
Annexure12
116
Annexure13
page 1 of 2
117
Annexure13
page 2 of 2
118