SPM1012

TELECOMMUNICATION & NETWORKING

Session 2007 /2008 (II)

 INTRODUCTION INTO NETWORK

This discussion will be on :

 Network topology
 Network technology

 Wiring the net

 LAN Protocol :

• Ethernet
• Token Ring
• FDDI
• Gigabit Ethernet
 LAN Topology

“Network topology is the study of the arrangement or

mapping of the elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a
network, especially the physical (real) and logical
(virtual) interconnections between nodes”
 LAN Topology

Physical topology :

Any given node in the LAN will have one or more links to
one or more other nodes in the network and the
mapping of these links and nodes onto a graph results in
a geometrical shape that determines the physical
topology of the network
 LAN Topology

Logical topology :

 The mapping of the flow of data between the nodes in

the network determines the logical topology of the
network

**We will discuss about logical topology later

 NETWORK PHYSICAL Topology

Types / Classification of physical topologies :

• Linear Bus
• Star
• Star-Wired Ring
• Tree
• FDDI

 Choice of topologies
 Equipments & Devices
 NETWORK Topology : Linear Bus

 A linear bus topology consists of a main run of cable

with a terminator at each end.

 All nodes (file server, workstations, and peripherals)

are connected to the linear cable.

 Ethernet and LocalTalk networks use a linear bus

topology.
NETWORK Topology : Linear Bus
NETWORK Topology : Linear Bus
NETWORK Topology : Linear Bus
 NETWORK Topology : Linear Bus

Terminator Backbone / Trunk / Segment / Bus

 NETWORK Topology : Linear Bus

Segment / Trunk / Backbone :

 Coaxial cable 50 ohm

 Maximum range : 185 meters

 Terminators at the end of trunk will be absorb the

signal
 NETWORK Topology : Linear Bus

 Used T-connector or tab to joint main backbone with

others PC
 NETWORK Topology : Linear Bus

 58-connector must be used to extent the cable range

 NETWORK Topology : Linear Bus

 The bus cable carries the transmitted message along

the cable.

 As the message arrives at each workstation, the

workstation computer checks the destination address
contained in the message to see if it matches it's own.

 If the address does not match, the workstation does

nothing more.
 NETWORK Topology : Linear Bus

 If the workstation address matches that contained in

the message, the workstation processes the message.

 The message is transmitted along the cable and is

visible to all computers connected to that cable.
 NETWORK Topology : Linear Bus

Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology :

 Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear

bus.

 Requires less cable length than a star topology.

 NETWORK Topology : Linear Bus

Disadvantages

 Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the

main cable.

 A faulty cable or workstation will take the entire LAN

down

 Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone

cable.
 NETWORK Topology : Linear Bus

Disadvantages

 Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network

shuts down.

 Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a

large building.
 NETWORK Topology : Star

 A star topology is designed with each node (file server,

workstations, and peripherals) connected directly to a
central network hub or concentrator
 NETWORK Topology : Star

 Data on a star network passes through the hub or

concentrator before continuing to its destination.

 The hub or concentrator manages and controls all

functions of the network. It also acts as a repeater for
the data flow.
 NETWORK Topology : Star

 This configuration is common with twisted pair cable;

however, it can also be used with coaxial cable or
fiber optic cable.

 The protocols used with star configurations are usually

Ethernet or LocalTalk
NETWORK Topology : Star
NETWORK Topology : Star
NETWORK Topology : Star
NETWORK Topology : Star
 NETWORK Topology : Star

Devices for Star Topology :

 UTP cable
 HUB
 NETWORK Topology : Star

HUB :

A network hub or concentrator is a device for

connecting multiple twisted pair or fiber optic Ethernet
devices together, making them act as a single
network segment.
 NETWORK Topology : Star

Advantages :

 Easy to install, and wire.

 Easy to add new workstations

 No disruptions to the network when connecting or

removing devices.
 NETWORK Topology : Star

Advantages :

 Any non-centralised failure will have very little effect

on the network

 Easy to detect faults and to remove parts.

 Centralized control

 Centralized network/hub monitoring

 NETWORK Topology : Star

Disadvantages :

 Requires more cable length than a linear topology.

 If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are

disabled.

 More expensive than linear bus topologies because of

the cost of the concentrators.
 NETWORK Topology : Star

Disadvantages :

 Requires more cable length than a linear topology.

 If the hub or concentrator fails, nodes attached are

disabled.

 More expensive than linear bus topologies because of

the cost of the concentrators.
 NETWORK Topology : Star-Wired

 A star-wired topology may appear (externally) to be the

same as a star topology.

 Internally, the MAU (multistation access unit) of a

star-wired ring contains wiring that allows information
to pass from one device to another in a circle or ring

 The Token Ring protocol uses a star-wired topology.

NETWORK Topology : Star-Wired
NETWORK Topology : Star-Wired
 NETWORK Topology : Tree

 A tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus

and star topologies.

 It consists of groups of star-configured workstations

connected to a linear bus backbone cable.

 Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing

network, and enable schools to configure a network to
meet their needs.
NETWORK Topology : Tree
NETWORK Topology : Tree
 NETWORK Topology : Tree

Advantage :

 Point-to-point wiring for individual segments.

 NETWORK Topology : Tree

Disadvantages :

 Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of

cabling used.

 If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes

down.

 More difficult to configure and wire than other

topologies.
 NETWORK Topology : FDDI

FDDI : Fiber Distributed Data Interface

 100mbps

 Normally implemented over fiber optic (fast-Ethernet,

UTP)

 Dual redundancy built in by use of primary and

secondary ring

 Automatic bypassing and isolation of faulty nodes

 NETWORK Topology : FDDI

 Fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) provides a

standard for data transmission in a local area network
that can extend in range up to 200 kilometers (124
miles).

 In addition to covering large geographical areas, FDDI

local area networks can support thousands of users.

 As a standard underlying medium it uses optical fiber

(though it can use copper cable, in which case one can
refer to CDDI). FDDI uses a dual-attached, counter-
rotating token ring topology.