Medium Frequency (MF) and Lower High

Frequency (Lower HF)-DATA Communication

system
TIS (Travel Information System): These system
is used to data communication system in
.Medium Frequency(MF)
MF band: This band covers the frequency 300 to
.3000KHz
Ground wave method is valid from 10KHz to
.3MHz
Sky wave method are valid from 150KHz to
.1705KHz

MF
Ground Wave

Sky Wave

Ground Wave
The:propagation
ground wave include the direct wave and
.reflected wave
:The ground wave depend on the
.Frequency

Change in terrain
.Antenna height in the transmitter and receiver
.Distance between transmitter and receiver
.Attenuation function

There are many problems in the ground wave

:propagation
: Land Sea Boundary
(conductivity, permittivity)
:Sky-wave interference
When the transmit ground wave and sky wave
:from the same Tx
This maybe let interference between sky wave
and ground wave in the transmission before come
.to the receiver
:Curvature of the earth
It is limited for use the ground wave
.propagation
:Frequency.limited until 2MHz

:We take some equations about ground wave

Case #1.1
At the distance between Tx and Rx within the line
:of sight, the field strength is given by

A Eo
E
d

Case #1.2
The electric field strength at a distance (z) below
:the surface of the earth is given by

z
)
E Eoe

Models of Ground wave propagation

The Smooth
Earth Model

The smooth-Earth
Mixed-Path Model

:These method are different in

,distance between Tx and Rx
.and frequency

height of
,antenna

:The Smooth-Earth Model

It is many computation techniques are used
: in this smooth-earth model
.Flat earth attenuation function
.Power series expansion
.Diffraction

Case #2.1
The electric field strength when the Tx and
Rx antennas are near to the earth with
:respect to a wavelength is given by

PEA( )
E (d ) 9.487
d

Case
#2.2
When the transmitter and receiver antenna
:locations are high enough
jk ( D d )
e
( jk ( D1 D2 D))
E 9.487 PE
(1 Rge
)
2D

Case #3.1
When the receiving antenna is near the radio
horizon of the transmitting antenna, but not
j3
. beyond it
e(
)

E 9.487

12 sin( )

:Case #3.2
For long paths, the geometry is such that a
straight line connecting the Tx and Rx antennas
.intersects the curve earth
E 9.487 PE

2v
e
6 sin( )

jk

) (H H )
1 2
4
t q2

:Compare between theses cases

We compare these cases by show the value
of electric field strength one distance for all
.cases
:At distance = 150Km
E (case#1.1)=55 dBv/150Km

At (L.O.S.)

E (case #1.2)=97 dBv/150Km At( Distance

(z))
E (case #2.1)=295 dBv/150Km At (Near
L.O.S.)
E (case#2.2)=120 dBv/150Km At (Far
L.O.S.)
E (Case #3.1)=0 dBv/150Km
At ( Near
path)
E (case #3.2)=140 dBv/150Km At( Long
path)

:The smooth earth mixed path model( 2

This model is valid for the same frequency
and distance range as the smooth earth
.:model
Losses in first path(from Tx to Rx)
+Ltr=L1 (d1)-L2 (d1) +L2 (d1+d2)-L3 (d1+d2)
L3(d1+d2+d3)
:Losses in second path(from Rx to Tx)
+Lrt= L3 (d3)-L2 (d3) +L2 (d3+d2)-L1 (d3+d2)
(L1 (d3+d2+d1)
:The total losses

Ltr Lrt
Lt
20 log( Gt )( Gr )
2

.Cont

Sky Wave Propagation

At MF, the sky wave propagation are valid
. from 150KHz to 1705KHz
:Regions on the ionosphere
:D-layer .Km(50-90) .Ionizations low
This layer has ability to reflect signals with
.low frequency
:E-layer.Km(90-140)
This layer has ability to reflect signals with
. higher frequency than D-layer up to20MHz
:F-layer.Km(130-400) .High ionization
F-layer is reflect frequency than D and E.layer up to 30MHz

.Cont
:F-layer
At day, this layer appears two regions(F1
.and F2)
.At night, F1and F2 will mixed
Some equation should be consider on sky
:wave propagation
Conductivity, permittivity, SNR, attenuation,
.and power and gain in Tx and Rx
Time
Night

Day

:Electron densityLow

High

:Attenuation

High

Low

Numbers of sky wave field strength

:prediction methods
FCC/Region2 sky wave
method
.:These
model is used beyond that distance

231
Fc
35.5
d
3
1000

:ITU sky wave method

F= V + Gs Lp + 106.6 2sin (Q) 20 log (Ps)
(Lt(-Ps( )Kr)0.001
V=Tx force (dB), Gs=Sea Gain, Lp=path loss, and
.Ps=slant propagation distance (Km)

:Wang sky wave method

Fc 95 20 log(d ) [6.28 4.95 tan 2 Q(m)]

Q(m)=Geometric altitudes(degree)

d
1000

Compare between methods in sky wave

:propagation
: At distance between Tx and Rx=2000Km
:FCC/Region2 sky wave method
F=13
dBv/2000Km
:ITU sky wave method
F=35 dBv/2000Km
:Wang sky wave method
F=20 dBv/2000Km

:ICEPAC Software
ICEPAC (Ionospheric Communication Enhanced
. Profile Analysis and Circuit) is integrated system
Used for planning and operation of high frequency
.communication system using sky wave
:Command Lines of ICEPAC
.Frequency command line
Antenna command
.Fprob
line command
.line
.Time command line

:Plan for next semester work

Study more information about high
.frequency by using ICEPAC
Design System by using ICEPAC in High
.frequency

Thanks

!!!Any questions