Professional Documents
Culture Documents
01
THEORIES & METHODS OF COUNSELING
Introduction
Candace M. Genest, Ph.D.
Clinical Neuropsychologist
Review:
- Syllabus: See Attachment
- Schedule
- Assignments
Schedule
June 11: Intro, Syllabus, Ch. 1-3, Video
June 25: Ch. 4-6, Group Presentations
July 9: Mid-Term Due, Ch. 7-10, Video, Group
Presentations
July 23: Individual Project Due, Ch. 11-14, Group
Presentations
August 8: Final Exam
Group Projects
Choose Theory or a Case
Analytic / Adlerian / Existential
Person-Centered / Gestalt / CBT
Reality / Feminist / Family Systems
Research foundations, research, and best
practices (Use of resources & citations)
Apply to Examples / Case Study
Individual Projects
Interview a mental health professional
regarding theoretical orientation.
For example:
What were they drawn to and why?
How did they develop a theoretical
approach?
Have they changed their approach over
the years or according to client base?
Discuss development of your own orientation
Technology
- E-mail
- ftp Site
- Library / Research resources
Chapter 1
A division of
Cengage Learning
Transparency
Brooks/Cole,
Introduction
Transparency
Transparency
He believes:
u counseling entails far more than becoming a skilled technician
Transparency
u View the DVD or online program entitled Theory in Practice: The Case
of Stan for each chapter.
Transparency
u Read the section on each theory chapter that deals with counseling Stan
from the various theories.
Research shows that both the therapy relationship and the therapy
used contribute to treatment outcome
Transparency
Chapter 2
Cengage Learning
Transparency
A division of
u Your living example of who you are and how you struggle to live up
to your potential is powerful
Be authentic
Transparency
Corey believes that...therapists cannot hope to open doors for clients that
they have not opened for themselves.
Research shows that many therapists who seek personal counseling find it:
Transparency
u Personally beneficial
u Important for their professional development
Find ways to manage value conflicts between you and your clients
Transparency
Multicultural Counseling
Transparency
Chapter 3
Cengage Learning
Transparency
A division of
Professional Ethics
Transparency
u Mandatory Ethics
u Aspirational Ethics
u Positive Ethics
Transparency
Transparency
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
Informed Consent
u Exceptions:
Duty to Warn (Tarasoff Case)
The client poses a danger to self or others
A client under the age of 16 is the victim of abuse
A dependant adult or older adult is the victim of abuse
The client needs to be hospitalized
The information is made an issue in a court action
The client requests a release of record
Transparency
Limits of Confidentiality
Transparency
Multicultural Issues
Transparency
Strengths
u
u
u
u
Criticisms
Transparency
u Some counselors believe this approach is mechanistic and does not allow for
individual differences in clients
u Is not well-suited for helping clients with existential concerns
u It is difficult to measure both relational and technical aspects of a psychological
treatment
u Has potential for misuse as a method of cost containment for insurance companies
instead of a method of efficacious treatment for clients
Evidence-Based Practices
Are not deemed inherently unethical in the ethics codes of the APA or ACA.
Multiple relationships must be managed in an ethical way to eliminate nonprofessional interactions and protect client well-being.
Transparency
u Will my dual relationship keep me from confronting and challenging the client?
u Will my needs for the relationship become more important than therapeutic
activities?
u Can my client manage the dual relationship?
u Whose needs are being met--my clients or my own?
u Can I recognize and manage professionally my attraction to my client?
Dual Relationships
Chapter 4
Cengage Learning
Transparency
A division of
Conscious:
Whats on the surface
i.e. logic, reality
Transparency
Unconscious:
What lies deep,
below the surface
i.e. drives, instincts
Dreams
Slips of the tongue
Posthypnotic suggestions
Material derived from free-association
Material derived from projective techniques
Symbolic content of psychotic symptoms
The Unconscious
Reality Anxiety
Neurotic Anxiety
Moral Anxiety
Transparency
Anxiety
Ego-defense mechanisms:
u Are normal behaviors which operate on an unconscious level and tend
to deny or distort reality
u Help the individual cope with anxiety and prevent the ego from being
overwhelmed
u Have adaptive value if they do not become a style of life to avoid facing
reality
Transparency
Ego-Defense Mechanisms
ORAL STAGE
First year
ANAL STAGE
Ages 1-3
Ages 3-6
LATENCY STAGE
Ages 6-12
GENITAL STAGE
Ages 12-60
u A time of socialization
Transparency
PHALLIC STAGE
Transference
u The client reacts to the therapist as he did to an earlier significant other
This allows the client to experience feelings that would otherwise be
inaccessible
ANALYSIS OF TRANSFERENCE allows the client to achieve insight into
the influence of the past
Countertransference
u The reaction of the therapist toward the client that may interfere with
objectivity
Transparency
Free Association
u Client reports immediately without censoring any feelings or thoughts
Interpretation
u Therapist points out, explains, and teaches the meanings of whatever is
revealed
Psychoanalytic Techniques
Dream Analysis
Transparency
Resistance
u Anything that works against the progress of therapy and prevents the
production of unconscious material
Analysis of Resistance
u Helps the client to see that canceling appointments, fleeing from therapy
prematurely, etc., are ways of defending against anxiety
Resistance
These acts interfere with the ability to accept changes which could lead
to a more satisfying life
Transparency
Transparency
Transparency
Chapter 5
Cengage Learning
Transparency
A division of
A phenomenological approach
n and
The
therapeutic
relationshipa
collaborative
Theory
Practice
of Counseling
and Psychotherapy - Chapter
5 (1)
partnership
Transparency
Transparency
Transparency
Social Interest
Lifestyle
Transparency
u
u
u
u
Inferiority Feelings
u Are normal
u They are the wellspring of creativity.
u Develop when we are young--characterized by early feelings of hopelessness
Superiority Feelings
u Promote mastery
u Enable us to overcome obstacles
Related Complexes
u Inferiority Complex
u Superiority Complex
Transparency
Transparency
Birth Order
u Lifestyle assessment
Subjective interview
Objective interview
Family constellation
Early recollections
Transparency
Basic Mistakes
Transparency
u Action-oriented
u Useful vs. unhelpful
Transparency
Encouragement
Transparency
Chapter 6
Cengage Learning
Transparency
A division of
Existential Psychotherapy
Transparency
u
u
u
u
u
Transparency
Existential Therapy
The greater our awareness, the greater our possibilities for freedom
Transparency
Transparency
Transparency
Transparency
Encouraging clients to recognize the ways in which they are not living fully
authentic lives
Transparency
Transparency
Transparency
The individualistic focus may not fit within the world views of clients from a
collectivistic culture
The high focus on self-determination may not fully account for real-life
limitations of those who are oppressed and have limited choices
The approach may prove difficult for clients who experience difficulty
conceptualizing or have limited intellectual capacities
Transparency
Chapter 7
Cengage Learning
Transparency
A division of
u Actualizing tendency
Transparency
Challenges:
u The assumption that the counselor knows best
u The validity of advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching, diagnosis,
and interpretation
u The belief that clients cannot understand and resolve their own
problems without direct help
u The focus on problems over persons
Transparency
Person-Centered Therapy
Emphasizes:
u Therapy as a journey shared by two fallible people
u The persons innate striving for self-actualization
u The personal characteristics of the therapist and the quality of the
therapeutic relationship
u The counselors creation of a permissive, growth-promoting climate
u People are capable of self-directed growth if involved in a therapeutic
relationship
Transparency
Person-Centered Therapy
Congruence
The therapist need not experience the situation to develop an understanding of it from
the clients perspective
Transparency
Transparency
Six Conditions
Can openly express feelings and attitudes that are present in the relationship
with the client
Transparency
The Therapist
Transparency
Individuals explore new facets of the self and uncover insights that transform
them, creating wholeness
u Discovery of wholeness leads to understanding of how we relate to the outer world.
Transparency
A non-judgmental setting
Empathy
Psychological freedom
Transparency
Cultural considerations
Does not focus on the use of specific techniques, making this treatment
difficult to standardize
Transparency
Chapter 8
Cengage Learning
Transparency
A division of
Transparency
Gestalt Therapy
Holism:
u The full range of human functioning includes thoughts, feelings, behaviors, body,
language and dreams
Field theory:
u The field is the clients environment which consists of therapist and client and all that
goes on between them
u Client is a participant in a constantly changing field
Organismic self-regulation:
Transparency
Foreground: figure
Background: ground
Transparency
The Now
Result:
Unfinished Business
Transparency
Contact
u Interacting with nature and with other people without losing ones
individuality
Deflection
Confluence
Transparency
Introjection
Projection
Retroflection
The experiment
Process-oriented diagnosis
Transparency
Rehearsal exercise
Reversal technique
Exaggeration exercise
Dream work
Transparency
Therapeutic Techniques
Transparency
The approach has the potential for the therapist to abuse power by
using powerful techniques without proper training
This approach may not be useful for clients who have difficulty
abstracting and imagining
The high focus on emotion may pose limitations for clients who
have been culturally conditioned to be emotionally reserved
Transparency
Chapter 9
Cengage Learning
Transparency
A division of
Behavior Therapy
Transparency
In Vivo Desensitization
u Brief and graduated exposure to an actual fear situation or event
Flooding
u Prolonged & intensive in vivo or imaginal exposure to stimuli that evoke high
levels of anxiety, without the opportunity to avoid them
Exposure Therapies
Transparency
1. Classical Conditioning
2. Operant Conditioning
Transparency
3. Social-Learning Approach
u Gives prominence to the reciprocal interactions between an individuals
behavior and the environment
Transparency
A-B-C model
u Antecedent(s)
u Behavior(s)
u Consequence(s)
Antecedent
Behavior
Consequence
Transparency
Transparency
Therapeutic Techniques
Therapeutic Techniques
mindfulness
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy - learning acceptance and nonjudgment of thoughts and feelings as they occur
Transparency
Treatments
Leaders
Transparency
There is potential for the therapist to manipulate the client using this
approach
Some clients may find the directive approach imposing or too mechanistic
Transparency
Chapter 10
Cengage Learning
Transparency
A division of
Clients learn
u To identify the interplay of their thoughts, feelings and behaviors
u To identify and dispute irrational beliefs that are maintained by selfindoctrination
u To replace ineffective ways of thinking with effective and rational
cognitions
u To stop absolutistic thinking, blaming, and repeating false beliefs
Transparency
We are born with a potential for both rational and irrational thinking
Transparency
A
activating
event
belief
consequence
disputing
intervention
effective
philosophy
New feeling
Transparency
Some examples:
u I must have love or approval from all the significant people in my life.
Irrational Ideas
Transparency
Insight-focused therapy
Theoretical Assumptions
Basic theory:
u To understand the nature of an emotional episode or disturbance it is
essential to focus on the cognitive content of an individuals reaction to the
upsetting event or stream of thoughts
Goals:
u To change the way clients think by using their automatic thoughts to reach
the core schemata and begin to introduce the idea of schema restructuring
Principles:
Transparency
Arbitrary inferences
Selective abstraction
Overgeneralization
Personalization
Polarized thinking
Transparency
1.
2.
Selective Abstraction
Transparency
Focus:
u Clients self-verbalizations or self-statements
Premise:
u As a prerequisite to behavior change, clients must notice how they
think, feel, and behave, and what impact they have on others
Basic assumption:
u Distressing emotions are typically the result of maladaptive thoughts
Transparency
Cognitive structure:
Meichenbaums CBM
Transparency
Transparency
Chapter 11
Cengage Learning
Transparency
A division of
Transparency
Belonging
Power
Freedom
Fun
Survival (Physiological needs)
Transparency
Basic Needs
Planning SAMIC3
Transparency
S
A
M
I
Transparency
Transparency
Total Behavior
Group leaders and members jointly determine goals and plans of action
In group, members explore new courses of behavior that will bring them
closer to getting what they want out of life
Feedback from leaders and group members can help individuals design
realistic and attainable plans
Transparency
There is a danger for the therapist of imposing his or her personal views on
clients by deciding for the client what constitutes responsible behavior
Reality therapy is often construed as simple and easy to master when in fact
it requires much training to implement properly.
Transparency
Chapter 12
Cengage Learning
Transparency
A division of
The client knows what is best for her life and is the expert on her
own life
Transparency
1. Liberal Feminism
u Focus
u Major goals
Transparency
2. Cultural Feminism
u Focus
Oppression stems from societys devaluation of womens strengths
Emphasize the differences between women and men
Believe the solution to oppression lies in feminization of the culture
u Major goal
the infusion of society with values based on cooperation
Transparency
3. Radical Feminism
u Focus
The oppression of women that is embedded in patriarchy
Seek to change society through activism
Therapy is viewed as a political enterprise with the goal of
transformation of society
u Major goals
Transform gender relationships
Increase womens sexual and procreative self-determination.
Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Chapter 12 (4)
Transparency
4. Socialist Feminism
u Focus
Goal of societal change
Emphasis on multiple oppressions
Believe solutions to societys problems must include consideration of:
Class
Race
u Major goal
Transparency
Transparency
Transparency
Bibliotherapy
u Self-disclosure
Transparency
Assertiveness training
u
u
u
u
Reframing
u Changes the frame of reference for looking at an individual's behavior
Transparency
Relabeling
u Changes the label or evaluation applied to the client's behavioral
characteristics
u Generally, the focus is shifted from a negative to a positive evaluation
Social Action
Transparency
Transparency
Chapter 13
Cengage Learning
Transparency
A division of
Therapeutic task:
u Help clients appreciate how they construct their realities and how they
author their own stories
Transparency
Social Constructionism
Social Constructionism
Therapy Goals
Transparency
Key Concepts of
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
Transparency
Basic Assumptions of
Solution-Focused Therapy
Transparency
Questions in
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
Pre-therapy change
u (What have you done since you made the appointment that has made a difference
in your problem?)
Exception questions
u (Direct clients to times in their lives when the problem did not exist)
Techniques Used in
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
Miracle question
u (If a miracle happened and the problem you have was solved while you were
asleep, what would be different in your life?)
Scaling questions
u (On a scale of zero to 10, where zero is the worst you have been and 10
represents the problem being solved, where are you with respect to __________?)
Transparency
Leader shifts focus from the problem by providing members the opportunity
to view themselves as resourceful and competent
Group members can offer input and point out exceptions to problematic
situations in each others lives
Transparency
The person is not the problem, but the problem is the problem
Transparency
Transparency
Transparency
Transparency
Living life means relating to problems, not being fused with them
Transparency
Externalization
The assumption is that people can continually and actively reauthor their lives
Narrative therapy has been used for group work in school settings
Transparency
u
u
u
u
Transparency
Chapter 14
Cengage Learning
Transparency
A division of
Problematic behaviors
Transparency
Triangulation
Transparency
Family rules
Sculpting
Nurturing triads
Transparency
Open communications
Enhancement of self-esteem
Encouragement of growth
Transparency
Transparency
n
n
n
n
Transparency
Change results when the family follows the therapists directions &
change transactions
Transparency
Transparency
Transparency