REGULATION OF FOOD INTAKE

& ENERGY STORAGE

Departemen Fisiologi
Fakultas Kedokteran
USU

Energi input
Food energy

Metabolic pool
in body

Energi output
Internal work
External work

Energy storage

25 %

Thermal energy
(heat)
75 %

Nearly all energy derived from food

is eventually converted to heat
Cells cannot use this energy to do
work, but the heat:
Warms the tissues and blood
Helps maintain the homeostatic body
temperature
Allows metabolic reactions to occur
efficiently

Balance of Energy in Our Body

:
Balanced energy
intake: not losing or
gaining weight
Negative energy
balance (weight loss):
energy intake < energy
expended
Positive energy balance
(weight gain): energy
intake > energy
expended

Neural Centers for Regulation of Food

intake
Amygdala & Prefrontal cortex control of
appetite
Hypothalamus feeding center (lateral
nuclei ) & satiety center ( ventromedial
nuclei)
Brain stem mechanical act of the feeding
process

Brain : human hypothalamus

Paraventricular Nucleus
Dorsomedial Nucleus
Lateral Hypothalamic Area
Ventromedial nucleus

Brain : cross sectional of hypothalamus

Pengaruh hormon terhadap aktivitas

reseptor dan neurotransmitter di
hipetalamus

 The hypothalamus releases peptides that

influence feeding behavior

Feeding behavior and hunger

depend on one or more of
five factors
Neural signals from the
digestive tract
Bloodborne signals related to
the body energy stores
Hormones,
Body temperature, and
Psychological factors

Regulation of Quantity of Food

Intake
Energy regulation ( Long-term regulation) :
long-term maintenance of normal
quantities of energy stores in the body.
Alimentary regulation ( Short-term
regulation):
to preventing overeating at the time of
each meal.

 Leptin, secreted by fat tissue, appears to

be the overall satiety signal
Acts on the ventromedial hypothalamus
Controls appetite and energy output
Suppresses the secretion of neuropeptide Y, a
potent appetite stimulant

Gastrointestinal distension
Stimulation of gastric stretch receptors suppress
food intake.

The extent of glucose use & insulin

secretion
When more glucose is available for use
(being absorbed from the digestive tract)
stimulate glucoreceptive neuron in
hypothalamus satiety.
Increase insulin secretion satiety signal.

The level of Cholecystokinin

secretion
Chyme in duodenum, contain fat & CH

CCK release from mucosa

Stimulate secretion of bile &

exocrine pancreas

Signal by n.vagus, to NTS

Satiety signal

Stop eating

The level of ghrelin

Produce by oxyntic gland in
gastric mucosa
Its level increase 1 hour
before meals & drops after
meal.
Acts on hypothalamus to
increase food intake by
stimulating NPY neuron.

Hormones, Temperature, and

Psychological Factors
Glucagon and epinephrine stimulate hunger
Increased body temperature may inhibit
eating behavior
Psychological factors that have little to do
with caloric balance can also influence
eating behaviors

 Ganongs Review of Medical Physiology. 21rd Ed,

McGraw-Hill.2004.pp
Guyton & Hall. Textbook of Medical Physiology.
11th ed. Elsevier Saunders.2006. pp 865-888.
Marieb EN. Human Anatomy and Physiology. 6th
Ed. Pearson Educ.2004. chapter 24Nutrition,Metabolism and Body Temp.Regulation.
Martini FH. Fundamentals of Anatomy and
Physiology, 6th Ed. Pearson Educ.2004. chapter
25-Metabolism and Energetic.
Silverthorn DU. Human Physiology an Integrated
Approach. 3rd Ed. Pearson Educ.2004. chapter
22-Metabolism and Energy Balance.