RB Astillero

ISOBARIC PROCESS
OF VAPORS
RB Astillero
Asst. Prof. I

RB Astillero

THE ENERGY EQUATION

The General Energy Equation:
P1 + K1 + U1 + Wf1 + Q = P2 + K2 + U2 + Wf2 + Wn
Simple Energy Equation:
Q = U 2 U1 + W n
The Enthalpy:

h = u + pv

RB Astillero

THE CONSTANT PRESURE PROCESS

The pv plane

The Tv plane

The Ts plane

RB Astillero

Defining the condition of the substance

Point 1 is in the liquid region and the condition of the

substance is subcooled or compressed liquid. It is

generally defined by giving its pressure and temperature.
Point f lies on the saturation curve and is therefore
saturated liquid at a given pressure or temperature.
Point m is in the wet region, is a mixture of liquid and
vapor. A quality x and a pressure or temperature generally
defines the condition of the substance. Thus, for the
enthalpy at point m,
hm = hfm + xhfgm

RB Astillero

Defining the condition of the substance

Point g is on the saturation vapor curve. A pressure or

temperature defines the state or condition of the substance.
Point 2 in the superheat region is generally, but not
necessarily, defined by giving its temperature and pressure.

RB Astillero

NONFLOW WORK, Wn
The work of a reversible nonflow constant pressure

process.

Wn = is the area on the pv plane under the constant

pressure process.

RB Astillero

NONFLOW WORK, Wn
Wn =

At p = c,
Wn = = p(v2 v1)

[unit mass]

RB Astillero

STEADY FLOW WORK, Ws

For steady flow process, the work Ws is
Ws = h1 h2 - K + Q
And

h1 = hf1 + x1hfg1

RB Astillero

HEAT TRANSFERRED
From the simple energy equation,
Q = u2 u1 + Wn
For steady flow and nonflow processes
Q = u2 u1 + p(v2 v1)
= u2 u1 + pv2 pv1
= u2 u1 + p2v2 p1v1
= (u2 + p2v2) (u1 + p1v1)
= h2 h1
Where h1 = hf1 + x1hfg1
u2 u1 = (h2 p2v2) (h1 p1v1)

RB Astillero

10

EXAMPLE 1:
Steam with a specific volume of 0.09596 m 3/kg undergoes
a constant pressure process at 1.70 MPa until the specific
volume becomes 0.13796 m3/kg. What are (a) the final
temperature, (b) u, (c) W, (d) s, and (e) Q?
Solution:
Point 1:
Steam at a pressure of 1.70 MPa and with a specific
volume of 0.09596 m3/kg is a wet-mixture, the specific
volume of saturated steam at 1.70 mPa is 0.11673 m 3/kg.

RB Astillero

11

Solution Example 1:
@ p1 = 1.70 mPa

vf1 = 0.0011634 uf1 = 870.09 hf1 = 872.06 sf1 = 2.3718

vfg1 = 0.11557 ufg1 = 1727.2 hfg1 = 1923.6 sfg1 = 4.0282
vg1 = 0.11673 ug1 = 2597.3 hg1 = 2795.7 sg1 = 6.400
= = 0.8203
u1 = uf1 + x1ufg1 = 870.09 + (0.8203)(1727.2) = 2286.9 kJ/kg
h1 = hf1+ x1hfg1 = 872. 06 + (0.8203)(1923.6) = 2450.0 kJ/kg
s1 = sf1+x1sfg1 = 2.3718+(0.8203)(4.0282) = 5.6761 kJ/kgK

12

RB Astillero

Solution Example 1:
Point 2:

23.7

x3

18.2

x2

2725

2963.0

x1 = 0.542; t2 = 260 +5.42 = 265.4C

x2 = 9.86; u2 = 2707.7 + 9.86 = 2717.6 kJ/kg

x4
0.0441

0.13944 270

10

x1

0.00175

0.00323

At p2 = 1.70 MPa and a specific volume of 0.13796 m 3/kg,

the steam is superheated.
From table 3:
0.13621 260
2707.7
2939.3
6.6849
0.13796 t2
u2
h2
s2
6.7290

RB Astillero

13

Solution Example 1:
x3 = 12.84; h2 = 2939.3 + 12.84 = 2952.1 kJ/kg
x4 = 0.02389; s2 = 6.6849 + 0.02389 = 6.7088 kJ/kgK
Therefore:
(a) t 2 = 265.4C (ans)
(b) u = u2 u1 = 2717.6 2286.9 = 430.7 kJ/kg (ans)
(c) W = p(v2 v1) = 1700(0.1379609596)=71.4 kJ/kg (ans)
(d) s = s2 s1 = 6.7088 5.6761 = 1.0327 kJ/kgK (ans)
(e) Q = h2 h1 = 2952.1 2450.0 = 502.1 kJ/kg (ans)

RB Astillero

14

pv and Ts diagrams for Example 1

RB Astillero

15

EXAMPLE 2:
Steam with an enthalpy of 2843.5 kJ/kg undergoes a
constant pressure process at 0.9 MPa until the enthalpy
becomes 2056.1 kJ/kg. What are (a) the initial temperature
or quality, (b) u, (c) W, (d) s, and (e) Q
Solution:
Point 1:
Steam with an enthalpy of 2843.5 kJ/kg at a pressure of
0.90 MPa is a superheated vapor.

16

RB Astillero

Solution Example 2:

210

0.2364

2644.2

6.8008

x1 = 4.2; t1 = 200 + 4.2 = 204.2 C

x2 = 0.00259; v1 = 0.2303+0.00259 = 0.2329 m 3/kg

0.0486

2856.9

6.7522
s1

x4

2626.3
u1

17.9

0.2303
v1

x3

200
t1

x2
0.0061

2833.6
2843.5

x1
10

23.3
9.9

@ p1 = 0.90 Mpa

17

RB Astillero

Solution Example 2:
x3 = 7.6; u1 = 2626.3 + 7.6 = 2633.9 kJ/kg
x4 = 0.0206; s1 = 6.7522 + 0.0206 = 6.7728 kJ/kgK
Point 2:
Steam with an enthalpy of 2056.1 kJ/kg at a pressure of 0.90
MPa is a wet mixture.
@ p2 = 0.90 MPa
vf2 = 0.0011212 hf2 = 742.83 sf2 = 2.09046 uf2 = 741.83
vfg2 = 0.2139

hfg2 = 2031.1 sfg2 = 4.5280 ufg2 = 1838.6

vg2 = 0.215

vg2 = 2773.91 sg2 = 6.6226

ug2 = 2580.5

RB Astillero

Solution Example 2:
== 0.6466
v2 = vf2 + x2vfg2 = 0.00112112 + (0.6466)(0.2139) = 0.1394 m3/kg
u2 = uf2 + x2ufg2 = 741.83 + (0.6466)(1838.6) = 1930.7 kJ/kg
s2 = sf2 + x2sfg2 = 2.0946 + (0.6466)(4.5280) = 5.0224 kJ/kgK
Therefore:
(a) t1 = 204.2 C (ans)
u = u2 u1 = 1930.7 2633.9 = -703.2 kJ/kg (ans)
(c)

W = p(v2 v1) = 900(0.1394 0.2329) = -84.15 kJ/kg (ans)

s = s2 s1 = 5.0224 6.7728 = -1.7505 kJ/kgK (ans)

(e)

Q = h2 h1 = 2056.1 2843.5 = -787.4 kJ/kg (ans)

18

RB Astillero

19

pv and Ts Diagrams for Example 2

RB Astillero

20

EXERCISES:
1. A piston-cylinder containing steam at 700 kPa and 250C
undergoes a constant pressure process until the quality is
70%. Determine per kilogram (a) the work done, (b) the
heat transferred, (c) the change of internal energy, and (d)
the change of enthalpy.
Ans. (a) 101.4 kJ/kg; (b) -810 kJ/kg; (c) -708 kJ/kg;
(d) 810 kJ/kg
2. Steam at 3.1 MPa and with 74.28C SH rejects 1973.36
kJ/kg of steam heat at constant pressure, determine (a) the
final temperature and (b) the change in specific entropy.
Ans. (a) 235.7C; (b) -3.8572 kJ/kgK

RB Astillero

21

EXERCISES:
3. With 3% moisture, 2.5 kg of steam has an enthalpy of
6600 kJ. It is heated at constant pressure to a final
condition of 80 superheat. Find (a) the pressure of the
process and (b) the quantity of heat received by the steam.
Ans. (a) 0.22 MPa; (b) 575 kJ
4. Five kg of water vapor are contained at 150 kPa and
90% quality in a suitable enclosure. Calculate the heat
which must be added in order to just produce a saturated
vapor. What will the pressure be at the end of the heating
process?
Ans. 1045.5 kJ, 168 kPa

RB Astillero

22

END OF THE LESSON

DO THE ASSIGNMENT

RB Astillero

23

QUIZ#1
1. Steam at a temperature of 190C has a specific internal

energy of 1250.5 kJ/kg. Determine the (a) pressure, (b)

specific volume, (c) specific enthalpy, & (d) specific
entropy of the steam.
2. Steam at a pressure of 1.40 MPa has a specific volume
of 0.1602 m3/kg. What are the (a) temperature, (b)
specific internal energy, (c) specific enthalpy, & (d)
specific entropy of the steam?
3. Steam with a specific enthalpy of 2500.5 kJ/kg
undergoes an isobaric process at 4000 kPa until the
enthalpy becomes 2902.4 kJ/kg. Determine the (a) final
temperature (t2), (b) v, (c) u, (d) Wn, (e) Q.

RB Astillero

24

QUIZ #1
1. Steam at a temperature of 135C has a specific internal

energy of 2000.5 kJ/kg. Determine the (a) pressure, (b)

specific volume, (c) specific enthalpy, & (d) specific
entropy of the steam.
2. Steam at a pressure of 1.45 MPa has a specific volume
of 0.17476 m3/kg. What are the (a) temperature, (b)
specific internal energy, (c) specific enthalpy, & (d)
specific entropy of the steam?
3. Steam with a specific enthalpy of 2915.3 kJ/kg
undergoes an isobaric process at 1.50 MPa until the
enthalpy becomes 2000.4 kJ/kg. Determine the (a) final
temperature (t2), (b) v, (c) u, (d) Wn, (e) Q.