Introduction to Control

Systems
Unit - 1

Unit - 1

Introduction to control system

Topics to be covered.
Introduction
Open-loop control Systems (OL)
Closed-loop Control Systems (CL)
Difference between OL and CL
systems
Laplace Transform
Transfer Function
Unit - 1

Introduction to control system

Control System?

Unit - 1

Introduction to control system

What is a Control System?

A control system Mechanism that alters the future of a system
consists of subsystems and processes assembled for the purpose
of obtaining a desired output, e.g. a radio controlled car is an
example of a basic control system. Other examples include
Traffic Lights

Theme Park Rides

Train Networks

Security Lights
Burglar Alarm

Lifts

Microwave
Robots

Automatic Doors

Air Conditioning Systems

A control theory is a strategy to select appropriate inputs

Simplified description of a
control system

Unit - 1

Introduction to control system

Important Terminologies
Plant : physical object to be controlled
System: It is a combination of components that act together and perform a certain objective
Input: objective, stimulus, independent variable, desired response
Output: result, response, dependent variable, actual response

Unit - 1

Introduction to control system

Open loop Systems

- the output has no effect on the control action
- the output is not measured
- the output is not compared back with the reference input
- It can not compensate for the effect of the disturbance

Unit - 1

Introduction to control system

Bread Toaster

Unit - 1

Introduction to control system

Closed loop Systems

- Also referred to as feedback control
system
- Measures the output and compares the
results from the reference or input. The
difference between the two, is called
error causes the actuating signal to
drives the controller and correct correct
the difference
- Compensates the effect of disturbances
Unit - 1

Introduction to control system

Open and Closed Loop System

Unit - 1

Closed-loop control system

Unit - 1

Introduction to control system

Comparison of Systems

Unit - 1

System Type

Advantages

Disadvantages

Open-loop
control systems

1. Simple to
construct and
ease of
maintenance
2. Less expensive
than a closedloop system
3. There is no
stability problem
4. Convenient when
output is hard to
measure or
measuring the
output precisely
is economically
not feasible

1. The system
response is very
sensitive to external
disturbance and
internal variations
in system
parameters.
2. Recalibration is
necessary from time
to time in order to
maintain the
required quality of
the output

Introduction to control system

Comparison of Systems

Unit - 1

System Type

Advantages

Disadvantages

Closed-loop
control
systems

1. Makes the system

1. Risk of
response relatively
instability
insensitive to
2. Complex
external disturbances
analysis.
and internal
3. Expensive
variations in the
implementation
systems parameters
2. Possible to use
relatively
inexpensive
components.
3. Better control of the
transient and steadystate response.
4. Increase accuracy
5. Increased ability to
reproduce output
Introduction
to control system
with varied
inputs

Laplace Transform Table for

Derivatives

Laplace Transform Table

Unit - 1

Introduction to control system

Example of Laplace Transform

1. Given the differential equation,
using Laplace, solve for y(t) if all
initial conditions are zero (relaxed
system). u(t) is a unity step function

Transfer Function
The transfer function is the ratio
of the output Laplace Transform
to the input Laplace Transform
assuming zero initial conditions.

Example of Transfer Function

1. Find the transfer function C(s)/R(s)
represented by the equation below.
2. Also find the response c(t) to an input
r(t)=u(t)