Boilers can be classified by their function, firing method, and type of fluidized bed combustion. Factors for selecting a boiler include power needs, pressure, fuel type, water availability and quality, load factor, and cost. A good boiler has optimal fuel consumption, small size, low costs, easy maintenance access, safety compliance, and can meet fluctuating demand. Major boiler components are pressure parts, rotary parts, ducting/piping, burners, and emissions controls. Pressure parts include the drum, water walls, superheaters, economizer, and piping. Rotary parts include fans, pulverizers, feeders, pumps, air preheaters, and soot blowers. Proper
Boilers can be classified by their function, firing method, and type of fluidized bed combustion. Factors for selecting a boiler include power needs, pressure, fuel type, water availability and quality, load factor, and cost. A good boiler has optimal fuel consumption, small size, low costs, easy maintenance access, safety compliance, and can meet fluctuating demand. Major boiler components are pressure parts, rotary parts, ducting/piping, burners, and emissions controls. Pressure parts include the drum, water walls, superheaters, economizer, and piping. Rotary parts include fans, pulverizers, feeders, pumps, air preheaters, and soot blowers. Proper
Boilers can be classified by their function, firing method, and type of fluidized bed combustion. Factors for selecting a boiler include power needs, pressure, fuel type, water availability and quality, load factor, and cost. A good boiler has optimal fuel consumption, small size, low costs, easy maintenance access, safety compliance, and can meet fluctuating demand. Major boiler components are pressure parts, rotary parts, ducting/piping, burners, and emissions controls. Pressure parts include the drum, water walls, superheaters, economizer, and piping. Rotary parts include fans, pulverizers, feeders, pumps, air preheaters, and soot blowers. Proper
a) As Steam Generator for Power Generation. b) Steam Generator for a drive mechanism like Marine Boiler, Locomotive Boiler etc. c) Steam Generator for Industrial requirement like Textile,Sugar Factory etc. d)Hot water Boiler for Industrial/Building heating purpose.
Boilers 2
Boilers can also be classified as per firing
method as below. a) Pulverised Fuel Fired Boiler. b) Stoker Fired Boilers. c) Fluidised Bed Combustion Boilers.
Fluidised Bed Combustion Boilers
F.B.C. boilers are of two types viz. a)
Atmospheric F.B.C. and b) Pressurised F.B.C. Major advantages of F.B.C. system are, a)Coals with high ash content can be used. b)Low cost. c)Furnace temps are comparatively low i.e. in the range of 800 deg. To1000 deg. C. Hence ash is soft and also NOx emissions are low.
Characteristics of a Good Boiler
A Good Boiler should cater to followings,
a) Optimum fuel consumption. b) Overall size should be as small as possible. c) The initial cost, operating and maint. Cost should be minimum. d) Boiler parts should be easily approachable for maint. e) Boiler should conorm to I.B.R. safety regulations. f) Should be capable to meet steam demand in fluctuating load. g) The velocity of water and flue gas should be minimum.
Factors for Boiler Selection
a) Power required to be generated.
b) Operating pressure. c) Fuel quality and type. d) Water availability and its quality. e) Probable load factor f) Cost
Boilers 3
Major components of the Boiler in general are
a) Pressure Parts b) Rotary Parts c) Ducting, Pipes, Valves, Dampers etc. d) Coal Burners, Oil Burners etc. e) Emission control system.
Boiler Pressure Parts
Major pressure parts include a) Boiler Drum b) Water wall Tubes c) Super heaters d)Economiser e) High Pressure Piping and valves. Water wall- Conversion of feed water into wet steam takes place in water wall tubes. This wet steam (mixture of water and steam) then passes to Drum for separation of water/steam mixture. Super heaters Dry steam from Drum, is sent to superheaters for superheating as required by the Turbine. Economizers Feed water, before going to waterwall is passing through Economizer to partially recover heat from flue gases and in turn raising its (Feed water) temp.
Boiler Water Circulation.
The feed water flow in the boiler is as below.
Economiser----- Drum------Downcomers------Bottom Headers------Water Tubes ( Water Wall)------- Top Headers--Drum. The above flow from Drum onwards is known as Circulation and is of Three Types viz. a) Natural Circulation Due to diff. of density of water in Downcomers and that of water-steam mixture in waterwall tubes. b) Assisted/Controlled Circulation.---By providing pump in downcomers to boostup the pressure of density difference. c) Forced Circulation--- By external pump.
Advantages of Assisted/Forced Circulation.
a) Better steam generation rate.
b) Quick startup facility c) Feasibility of uniform flow in water tubes. d) Smaller tube dia. And hence smaller size of the boiler.
Rotary Parts 1
Main rotary parts are Fans,Pulverisers,Coal
Feeders,Pumps,Compressors,Air Pre Heaters, Soot Blowers etc. The major fans are, a) Induced Draft Fans- For drawing flue gases from boiler and sending them to Chimney. These fans are operated to maintain balanced draft in furnace b) Forced Draft Fans- For supplying air for combustion. c) Primary Air Fans-Air for carrying pulverised coal from pulverisers to furnace and also for combustion.
Rotary Parts 2
Pulverisers- For pulverising the raw coal to the required size
i.e. 70% passing through 200 mesh sieve. Types of Pulverisers- a) Raymond Bowl Mill. b) B&W, E Type Mill c) Drum Type Mill. Coal Feeders- For regulating coal flow to boiler through pulveriser. Types of Coal Feeders- Rotary,Drag Chain Type. Coal feeders are also classified as Gravimetric and Volumetric. Air Pre heaters- The air for combustion is heated in Air pre heater (prior to going to furnace) by using heat of fluegases which otherwise would have lost to atmosphere. The air heaters are also of static type i.e. Tubular.
Burners
Function of burners is to inject fuel and air into the furnace
and ensure thourogh mixing of the two by creating turbulence. In tangentially fired boiler, turbulence is created by admitting fuel and air in particular direction i.e. Tangential to an imaginary circle in furnace centre. Hence no specific burner construction is required. In front fired boiler, circular air damper is provided around burner pipe to create turbulence. The burner assembly is known as Turbulent burner. In case of oil firing, arrangement is made in the burner for atomising the oil by steam or compressed air.
Emission Control Systems
These are mainly E.S.P.s, Desulphunisation
plant, Low Nox Burners etc. E.S.P.s are provided to control S.P.M. level. Other methods of S.P.M. control are Ammonia injection, Bag filters etc.
The Steam Engine Explained and Illustrated (Seventh Edition)
With an Account of its Invention and Progressive Improvement, and its Application to Navigation and Railways; Including also a Memoir of Watt