Community Dental Health

COMMUNITY DENTAL HEALTH
Algonquin College - Janet Ladas
STATISTICS
Statistics is the field of study which concerns itself
with the art and science of data analysis:
Planning, collecting, organizing, analyzing,
interpreting, summarizing and presenting the data
Statistics, when used in the plural form, refers to
the specific bits of data which either have been or
are about to be gathered.
Algonquin College - J
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STATISTICS
Foreign Language:
Special meaning for words like mean, regression,
normal, confidence, correlation, population,
discrete, conditional, union, posterior, hypothesis
etc., etc., etc.
Logic related to statistics more than math. (H.S.
Algebra) computers
* Complex and demanding subject area
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INTRODUCTION TO
BIOSTATISTICS
Biostatistics:
The mathematics of collection, organization
and interpretation of numeric data having to
do with living organisms.
Techniques to manage data:
Descriptive
Inferential
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INTRODUCTION TO
BIOSTATISTICS
Uses for data: (To name a few)
Designing a health care program or facility
Evaluating the effectiveness of an ongoing
program
Determining needs of a specific population
Evaluating the accuracy of a journal article
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EPIDEMIOLOGY
The scientific study of factors that
influence the frequency and
distribution of disease in a
population.
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METHODS OF MEASURING
ORAL DISEASE
Counts:
A simple number of cases of occurrence
Useful when there is a low prevalence
e.g. 12 cases of oral cancer
Proportions:
A count can be turned into a proportion by adding a
denominator thus determining prevalence
e.g. 12 cases in a population of 1,500 students
Does not include a time dimension thus includes new
cases as well as longstanding ones
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ORAL DISEASE
Rates:
A proportion that uses a standardized denominator
and includes a time dimension
Types of Rates: (As applied to Biostatistics)

Morbidity Rate:
The proportion of people ill with the disease over a
specified time span
formula: # of new cases /100,000 people / year
e.g.:
12 / 1,500 / 2000
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ORAL DISEASE
Mortality Rate:
The proportion of people who die from the disease during a

period of time
formula: # of deaths / 100,000 people / year
e.g.:
8 / 1,500 / 2000
Case Rate:
Frequency of occurrence of the condition / disease

formula: # of occurrences / # of births / year
e.g.:
1 / 700 / 2001 (Cleft Palatte Cases)
n.b. rates can be converted into percentages
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INDEXES (INDICES)
An index is a measure of quantification of
epidemiological data
A numerical value on a graduated scale
Scores correspond to specific criteria
Have definite upper and lower limits
Examples:
DMFTs caries activity best known
irreversible
RCI root caries - irreversible
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INDEXES (INDICES)
GBI Gingival Bleeding reversible
CPITN Community Periodontal Index of
Treatment Needs
DFI Dental Fluorosis
Note:
No generic, all purpose scale
Depends on the reason for using that measure,
how to handle it reliably and what you want to
demonstrate
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DENTAL HEALTH INDICES

Dental conditions readily lend themselves to study because
we have specific tools for speed and accuracy of
measurement.
Index Properties
Clear, simple, objective
Valid measures what it is supposed to
Reliable consistent on repetition
Quantifiable data can be analyzed
Sensitive can detect small shifts in either direction
Acceptable not painful or demeaning to the subject
Clinically significant and meaningful
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CARIES ACTIVITIES INDICES

DMFT : decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth
deft : primary teeth
Each tooth must have a score but only one (DMF or sound)
Recurrent caries = decayed (D)
Missing teeth = extracted or due to be extracted due to caries
Teeth not deemed as missing = unerupted, congenitally absent,
accidentally lost or extracted for ortho. Purpose
Third molars not scored
DMFT and deft scores are objective thus require high

agreement between examiners.
DMFS and defs (surfaces) are more subjective thus less reliable.
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FACTS ABOUT DATA

Two types of data:
Qualitative: labels used to identify an item when it cannot be
numerically identified.
e.g.: marital status, car colour, occupation
(attributes)
n.b.: has absolutely nothing to do with the quality of the
data
Quantitative: characteristics that can be expressed
numerically. Any mathematical manipulation that is
carried out on them will have meaning.
e.g.: height, length, volume, number of DMFTs
(variates)
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FACTS ABOUT DATA

Data Set:
Relates to a given group of data
Generally denoted with brackets
e.g.: Q = {17, 15, 18, 13, 12}
Data Point:
A single observation in a data set
e.g.: 15 is the second data point in the above data set
Data is Plural:
Datum is singular
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FACTS ABOUT DATA

Raw Data:
Data still in the form that it was when
originally gathered.
e.g.: A = {14, 11, 17, 9, 12}
Rank Ordering:
Rearranging data in order usually ascending
e.g.: A = {9, 11, 12, 14, 17}
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DATA MANAGEMENT
Grouping data to make it easier to understand.
Descriptive Technique:
Used to describe and summarize a set of
numerical data
Tabular and graphical methods
Apply to generalizations made about the
group studied
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DESCRIPTIVE DATA DISPLAY TYPES

An Array:
A group of scores arranged from lowest to highest in
value.
e.g.: Histology test results 24 students:
19
25
26
30
28
33
35
38
30
39
41
44
44
49
38
31
41
42
33
36
41
38
40
46
= Raw Data
Array:
19, 25, 26, 28, 30, 30, 31, 33, 33, 35, 36, 38,
38, 38, 39, 40, 41, 41, 41, 42, 44, 44, 46, 49 / 50 total
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Arrays are bulky and hard to read, thus
an alternative is:
Frequency Distribution:
An organization of scores from lowest to
highest which includes the number of
times each score value occurs in the data
set.
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Frequency Distribution 3 Types:

1. Ungrouped
Each possible score value of the
variable being measured is
represented in the display and the
frequency of occurrence of the
value is recorded. Sample:
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Frequency Distribution Ungrouped:
Score
50
49
48
47
46
45
F
1
Score
40
39
38
37
36
35
F
1
1
3
1
1
Score
30
29
28
27
26
25
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F
2
1
1
1
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2. Grouped
Frequency
Distribution:
Scores
Grouped
Cumulative
16-20
21-25
15
22
24
When a broad range

26-30
of values on the
31-35
measurement is
36-40
possible (i.e. > 30),
the range is collapsed
41-45
by grouping scores
46-50
together into smaller
value ranges.
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3. Cumulative
Frequency
Distribution:
Scores
Grouped
Cumulative
16-20
21-25
15
22
24
Used with score

26-30
groupings where the
31-35
frequency of any one
36-40
group includes all
instances of scores in
41-45
that group plus all
46-50
the groups of lower
score values.
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GRAPHS AND TABLES
Histograms
Polygons most frequently used
Bar graphs
Pie charts
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PRINCIPLES FOR CONSTRUCTING

GRAPHS AND TABLES
(Course supplement Pages 6, 7, 8)
1. Items in separate columns should be clearly
defined and the units of measure of the
observation included
2. A suitable descriptive title should define the
contents as a whole
3. Rate statistics clearly stated (per 100 or per
1,000)
4. When possible and practical, frequency
distribution should be in full
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PRINCIPLES FOR CONSTRUCTING

GRAPHS AND TABLES
5. When using rates or proportions, include
numbers of observations
6. Clearly state when using percentage
7. Do not include too much on the same table
8. If observations are excluded, give reason and
criteria
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GRAPHING TECHNIQUES
Descriptive data in pictorial fashion as a graph
Y Axis (Ordinate) = vertical axis
Represents frequency of occurrence
Represents score value
X Axis (Abscissa) = horizontal axis
Represents scale of measurement of the
characteristic of the sample
Indicates the variable or group studied
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FREQUENCY HISTOGRAM
See course supplement page 8.
A histogram is a graphical method for
variate (quantitative characteristic)
data. Note that there is no space between
the vertical bars.
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FREQUENCY POLYGON
A line graph created by joining the
frequency / scale value coordinate points
for each value in the scale represented.
Used for variate data.
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BAR GRAPH
2-dimensional pictorial display of
attribute data that are discrete in nature
Bars do not touch
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CENTRAL TENDENCY
Term in statistics that describes where the data
set is located.
Measures of Central Tendency
Used to describe what is typical in the sample
group based on the data gathered.
Three Main Indicators:
- Mean
- Median
- Mode
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CENTRAL TENDENCY
Mean = arithmetic average of scores
Mean symbol is ( x )
Scores are all added then divided by the
number of scores.
The most common measure:
Data set {3, 7, 9, 4, 9, 16} = 48 / 6 = 8
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CENTRAL TENDENCY
Median:
Is the point that divides the distribution of scores into 2
equal parts 50 / 50
With odd set of numbers, median is the datum in the
middle:
i.e.: {3, 7, 2, 5, 9} rearranged to {2, 3, 5, 7, 9}
median = 5
With even set of numbers, median is the average of the
two middle values:
i.e.: {4, 7, 1, 3, 8, 2} rearranged to {1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8}
3 + 4 = 7 / 2 median = 3.5
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CENTRAL TENDENCY
Mode:
Is the most frequently occurring score in a
distribution:
i.e.: {4, 3, 4, 9, 7, 2} mode = 4
i.e.: {3, 8, 4, 2, 4, 9, 7, 4, 9, 1, 9}
bimodal data set 4 and 9
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QUESTIONS
Determine the mode, mean and median for:
1. Survival time, in months, for 10 patients
following a new cancer treatment:
24, 8, 12, 3, 20, 18, 24, 19, 27, 25
2. Salaries of 7 dental hygienists and 2 dentists
in a productive office:
88,500 36,500
28,300
80,000 34,000
28,300
41,000 32,000
28,300
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If a statistician had her hair on fire and

her feet in a block of ice, she would say
that on the average, she felt good.
What is she referring to?
What is she ignoring?
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36

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Community Dental Health

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COMMUNITY DENTAL HEALTH

Algonquin College - Janet Ladas

Types of Rates: (As applied to Biostatistics)

The proportion of people who die from the disease during a

Frequency of occurrence of the condition / disease

DENTAL HEALTH INDICES

CARIES ACTIVITIES INDICES

DMFT and deft scores are objective thus require high

FACTS ABOUT DATA

FACTS ABOUT DATA

FACTS ABOUT DATA

DESCRIPTIVE DATA DISPLAY TYPES

DESCRIPTIVE DATA DISPLAY TYPES

DESCRIPTIVE DATA DISPLAY TYPES

Frequency Distribution 3 Types:

DESCRIPTIVE DATA DISPLAY TYPES

DESCRIPTIVE DATA DISPLAY TYPES

When a broad range

DESCRIPTIVE DATA DISPLAY TYPES

Used with score

GRAPHS AND TABLES

PRINCIPLES FOR CONSTRUCTING

PRINCIPLES FOR CONSTRUCTING

If a statistician had her hair on fire and

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