Energieeffizienz und Potentiale

fr den Einsatz
erneurbarer Energien in Mazedonien
27./28. Mrz 2009
Vortrag: Prof. Dr. Goran Rafajlovski, Universitt Skopje

Tema I:

ENERGIESICHERHEIT

Tema II:

ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ

globale Herausforderungen
wo stehet SOE Staaten und Mazedonien

Fall-Mazedonien
Tema III:

REGENERATIVE ENERGIE
Potenziele fr den Einsatz

Tema I: ENERGIESICHERHEIT
globale Herausforderungen

Energy Community treaty

Athens October 25, 2005

4. goals and objectives:

1.create a single regulatory space for energy trade
and develop Network Energy market competition
2.establish common integrated electricity and gas
market

Tema I: ENERGIESICHERHEIT
globale Herausforderungen

3. Enhance the security of supply of the single

regulatory space by providing a stable investment
climate in which connections to Caspian, North
African and Middle East gas reserves can be
developed
4. Improving the environmental situation in
relation to gas and electricity, related energy
efficiency and renewable energy sources

Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ

Fall-Mazedonien

Sustainable Energy Definition:

... Effectively, the provision of energy such that it
meets the needs of the future without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs ...
Sustainable Energy has two key components:
Renewable Energy
Energy Efficiency

Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ

Fall-Mazedonien

General Background

Economy profile positive aspects

Modest economic growth 3-6% GDP
Low inflation rate < 2%
Macroeconomic stability steadily increased
Privat sector is growing (share of 65% of GDP)
Tax reform to attract FDI coorporate income tax 12%
personal income tax 10%
abolished reinvested profit tax

Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ

Fall-Mazedonien

General Background

Economy profile negative aspects

Unemploument is excessive 36% (2008)
Investment rate < 20% of GDP (last in the Region)
FDI flow lowest rates among transition Countries
Low living standards GDP is 25% of the EU average
Below absolute poverty line - 21% of population

Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ

Fall-Mazedonien

General Background

Primary Energy Supply

Coal 49% and Crude oil 35%
10 % based on renewable energy sources:
hydro energy, fire wood, geothermal
Import energy dependance 46%
Major energy resorce lignite coal

Primary Energy Intensity (TPES/GDP)

40% higher level of primary consumption

than average level in OECD Countries

Total primary energy supply by Fuel 1992-2005

Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ

Fall-Mazedonien

General Background

Final Energy use:

Industry with metalurgy (iron and steel industry)largest
energy consuming sector 59% of total energy use
Residential sector second largest sector electricity is
major energy used including space heating!!!

Total Final Consumption by Fuel 1992-2005

Structure of energy consumption

in Industry by subsector

Total Final Consumption

by Sector

Co2 emmison in sectors

Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ

Fall-Mazedonien

Energy Policy

New Energy Low adopted in Parlament 2006

1.
provide Legal framework for energy market
2.
Straightening the legal basis of the
independet energy regulator established 2003
Electricity sector restructured - partial privatization
Gas sector restructured
- advanced privatization
Oil sector privatisation completed - competitive mark

Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ

Fall-Mazedonien

Energy Policy

Prices for oil gas and electricity regulated

(no direct social subsidies) (electricity price low)
Lack of comprehensive Long term Energy Strategy
Intensiv Focus on RENEWABLES expecially small
Hydro Power

Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ

Fall-Mazedonien Energy Efficiency Policy

No Energy Efficiency Low (Strategy Adoptet 2004)

- technical regulation, Secondary legislation

Limited budget for Energy Efficiency

Sustainable Energy Project by: Goverment and Global Enviroment
Facilty (GEF) - Aimed: finaced instruments based on maret principal

Responsible:Ministry of Economy - Energy

Department - Unit energy Efficiency and Renewable
Energy Sources ) with limited capacity one man!!!!

Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ

Fall-Mazedonien Energy Efficiency Policy

PROBLEMS:
1.Wide use of electricity for domestic heating
2. Inefficient energy consumption in buildings
3. Energy low involved local authorities in planing and
imlementation .Howerever bulding relavant capacities is
progressing slowly

Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ

Fall-Mazedonien Financing Energy Efficiency

Onlu through intenational cooperation:

1.Netherlands PSO Programme (3mil EUR)
2.Austrian Develop. Agency (Solar and geotermal 1.12 mil EUR)
3. Switzerland SECO (energy efficient distribution 1.21.mil CHF)
4. USAID (Energy efficient Strategy 2020)
5. EBRD (power sector reform,industrial energy efficiency project)

Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ

Fall-Mazedonien Financing Energy Efficiency

Main Opstacles to expand investment in

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy:
1. Limited access to medium-term financing
2. Lack of expirience of the local financing inctitution
3. Limited development of local energy services industry
4. Low awareness of the economic benefits
5. Low energy prices

To adress these barriers Goverment of Macedonia

initated some Project:

Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ

Fall-Mazedonien Energy Efficiency Projects

World Bank Projekts:

Sustainable Energy Project (March 2007 to Sept 2010)
- Global Enviroment Facility GEF (5.85 mil USD grant)
- Macedonian Goverment (2,8 mil USD)
- Macedonian finacial intermediaries? (18.7 mil. USD)
- Other local sources? (6.8 mil USD)
Power System HP Improvement Project (closed 2005)
- Increase the efficiency and capacity of 6HP,
- modern energy management system,
- begin distribution losses reduction

Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ

Fall-Mazedonien Energy Efficiency Projects

World Bank Sustainable Energy Project:

Market Framework

Component 1:

capacity Building in
strategic/legislative/Institutional/Technical/Advisory

Component 2:

Support to Utillity-based Energy Service

Company (ESCO)

Component 3:

Sustainable Energy Financing Facility

SEFF co-financing basis with
Macedonian Bank for Development Promotion

Tema II: ENERGIEEFFIZIENZ

Fall-Mazedonien Energy Efficiency Projects

EBRD Projects:
Distribution Grid Efficiency Investmen Project

(100 mil.EUR -EVN 50 mil.EUR and IFC 50 mil.EUR)

o Upgrade of grid lies and connections

o Upgrade of substations and transformers

o Roll out of metering

Energy Efficiency Improvements in

Mittal Steel Skopje

(25 mil.EURO)

Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE

Potenziele fr den Einsatz

o First-generation technologies: hydropower, biomass,

geotermal power - (Macedonia)
o Second-generation technologies: solar heating, wind
power, bioenergy,solar photovoltaics.
o Third-generation technologies: (under development):
advanced biomass gasification, biorafinery
technologies, concentrating solar thermal power, hot
dry rockgeothermal energy and ocean energy,
Advances in nanotechnology

Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE

Renewable Energy Potential

Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE

Energy Balance 2008

Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE

Renewable Energy Policy

Legal Framework is the Energy Low

(Strategy for Renewable Energy Sources is foreseen for 2009)

Goverment considers the constraction of small hydro

power plants SHP as great importance
Intern.public competition: 60 SHP DBOT 2007; 27 SHP SHP 2009

The GEF/World Bank Sustainable Energy Project

is greatly focused on developing the market enviroment
for utilisation of renewable energy

Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE

Potenziele fr den Einsatz

Price Policy

Energy Low stipulates the establishment of preferential

tarrifs for electricity sold by preferential producers.
Regulatory Commison for Energy (independent body)
determinate the privileged tariffs for sale and purchase of
electricity generated by renewable energy sources:
Hydropower, geothermal energy, biomass and wind
energy (but no budget allocation)

Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE

Renewable Energy Potential

Hydro
15 to 18% of the annual electricity production comes
from HPP 6 big and 22 small one = 540MW capacity
Significant potential for SHPP<5MW

400 sites throughout country

meeting over 10% of current electricity needs

National Power Utility identified 44 potential sites

total capacity 176 annual production 645 GWh

detailed studies are available

Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE

Renewable Energy Pote

Geothermal
Geothermal energy accounts for 2.4% of the heat
production sector
7 main geothermal fields; 18 localities with thermal
water; 50 springs
temperatures vary from 24-27 to 70-78 oC

15 geothermal projects have been development 1970-80

still in operation but below designed capacity

Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE

Renewable Energy Pote

Solar
Solar energy is being used at a simbolic level for
domestic water heating.
Solar collectors 11MW=17.000 m2 x 0.7

No PV for electricity production

Average solar radiation: high intensity and long duration
daily 3.4kwh/m2; annual 1385 kWh/m2
Geographical positon and climate very good potential

Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE

Renewable Energy Pote

Biomass
contributes 5.6% of the primary energy supply
used exclusively in domestic sector !!!!
1.3 mil. m3 woodcuttingmass (firewood 80%)
biogas, biofuel: high potential low implementation

Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE

Renewable Energy Pote

Wind
Preliminary Atlas of the winds was developed
15 possible location (capacity 25-33MW) were identified
Monitoring program of the wind potential 4 location
Sveti NIkole, Stip. Bogdanci. Kozuv
Norvegian Goverment, ELEM,
Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE

Renewable Energy Proj

Small Hydro power Plants

Austrian Development Cooperation in Macedonia
1.geothermal system GEOTERMA in Kocani cumulative
production of 20 mil m3 thermal water for grenhouses, district
heating
2. solar water heaters. Goverment support 500 hausholders
with 30% (150,000 EUR budget allocation)

Makpetrol Biodissel Plant 8 mil EUR investment; EN

14214 standard; annual capacity 30000 tonnes biodisel.

Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE

Conc
Goverment to bridge the gap between energy efficiency policy
development and its implementation
energy prices should be cost reflective and sustainable
exploring opportunities for financing energy efficiency projects
through CDM
capacity building in local Authorities for implementing renewable
and energy efficiency projects
supporting information and awareness
improving energy performance of buildings
no electricity production from PV, wind, biomass.......

Tema III: REGENERATIVE ENERGIE

Conc
Carl Cristian von Weizscker:

Klimapolitik kompatibel machen mit einer

marktwirtschaftlichen Ordnung
britische konom Nicholas Stern:

Schden eines Klimawandels einen konomischen

Gegenwert haben, der um eine Grenordnung
hher liegt als die
Kosten einer stabilisierung des Klimas