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IE 351
Lecture 3
Engineering Materials
Materials
Ferrous metals: carbon-, alloy-, stainless-, tool-and-die steels
Non-ferrous metals: aluminum, magnesium, copper, nickel,
titanium, superalloys, refractory metals,
beryllium, zirconium, low-melting alloys,
gold, silver, platinum,
Plastics: thermoplastics (acrylic, nylon, polyethylene, ABS,)
thermosets (epoxies, Polymides, Phenolics, )
elastomers (rubbers, silicones, polyurethanes, )
Ceramics, Glasses, Graphite, Diamond, Cubic Boron Nitride
Composites: reinforced plastics, metal-, ceramic matrix composites
Nanomaterials, shape-memory alloys, superconductors,
Properties of materials
Material Specification
Chemical composition
Mechanical properties Strength, hardness
(under various conditions: temperature,
humidity, pressure)
Physical properties density, optical,
electrical, magnetic
Environmental green, recycling
Metals
Ferrous Metals
Cast irons
Steels
Super alloys
Iron-based
Nickel-based
Cobalt-based
Non-ferrous metals
Stainless steels
Characterized by their corrosion resistance,
high strength and ductility, and high
chromium content.
Stainless as a film of chromium oxide protects
the metal from corrosion.
Stainless steels
Five types of stainless steels:
1. Austenitic steels
2. Ferritic steels
3. Martensitic steels
4. Precipitation-hardening (PH) steels
5. Duplex-structure steels
Aircraftforgings,
tubing,fittings
Automobilebodies
Axles
Ballbearingsandraces
Bolts
Camshafts
Chains(transmission)
Coilsprings
Connectingrods
Crankshafts(forged)
Steel
4140,8740
1010
1040,4140
52100
1035,4042,4815
1020,1040
3135,3140
4063
1040,3141,4340
1045,1145,3135,3140
Product
Differentialgears
Gears(carandtruck)
Landinggear
Lockwashers
Nuts
Railroadrailsandwheels
Springs(coil)
Springs(leaf)
Tubing
Wire
Wire(music)
Steel
4023
4027,4032
4140,4340,8740
1060
3130
1080
1095,4063,6150
1085,4063,9260,6150
1040
1045,1055
1085
Condition
1020
Asrolled
Normalized
Annealed
Asrolled
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
Normalized
Annealed
1080
3140
4340
8620
Ultimate
tensile
strength
(MPa)
448
441
393
1010
965
615
891
689
1279
744
632
536
Yield
Strength
(MPa)
Elongationin
50mm(%)
Reductionof
area(%)
Hardness
(HB)
346
330
294
586
524
375
599
422
861
472
385
357
36
35
36
12
11
24
19
24
12
22
26
31
59
67
66
17
20
45
57
50
36
49
59
62
143
131
111
293
293
174
262
197
363
217
183
149
Chemical
Composition
Deoxidation
Practice
MPa
240
275
310
350
415
485
550
690
830
970
S = structural alloy
X = low alloy
K = killed
W = weathering
O = nonkilled
D = dual phase
565620
240290
6055
316
(S31600)
550590
210290
6055
410
(S41000)
480520
240310
3525
416
(S41600)
480520
275
3020
AISI
M(molybdenumbase)
T(tungstenbase)
H1toH19(chromiumbase)
H20toH39(tungstenbase)
H40toH59(molybdenumbase)
D(highcarbon,highchromium)
A(mediumalloy,airhardening)
O(oilhardening)
S
P1toP19(lowcarbon)
P20toP39(others)
L(lowalloy)
F(carbontungsten)
W
Resistance to
cracking
Medium
High
Medium
Highest
Highest
Highest
Approximate
hardness
(HRC)
6065
6065
6065
3855
5762
3556
Machinability
Medium
Medium
Medium
Medium to high
Medium
Medium
Toughness
Low
Low
Low
Very high
Medium
High
Resistance to
softening
Very high
Very high
Highest
High
High
High
D2
Medium
Highest
5461
Low
Low
High
D3
H21
Medium
Medium
High
High
5461
3654
Low
Medium
Low
High
High
High
H26
P20
Medium
High
High
High
4358
2837
Medium
Medium to high
Medium
High
Very high
Low
P21
W1, W2
High
Highest
Highest
Medium
3040
5064
Medium
Highest
Medium
High
Medium
Low
AISI
designation
M2
T1
T5
H11, 12, 13
A2
A9
Source: Adapted from Tool Steels, American Iron and Steel Institute, 1978.
Resistance to
wear
Very high
Very high
Very high
Medium
High
Medium to
high
High to very
high
Very high
Medium to
high
High
Low to
medium
Medium
Low to
medium
Superalloys
Superalloys are high-temperature alloys use
in jet engines, gas turbines and reciprocating
engines.
Refractory metals
Refractory metals have a high melting point
and retain their strength at elevated
temperatures.
Applications are electronics, nuclear power
and chemical industries.
Molybdenum, columbium, tungsten, and
tantalum are referred to as refractory metal.
Surface hardening
Carburizing
Nitriding
Carbonitriding
Chromizing and Boronizing
Precipitation Hardening
Solution treatment
Quenching
Precipitation treatment
Electric furnaces
batch furnaces
box furnaces - door
car-bottom furnaces - track for moving large parts
bell-type furnaces - cover/bell lifted by gantry crane
continuous furnaces
Flame hardening
Induction heating
High-frequency resistance heating
Electron beam heating
Laser beam heating
Induction
heating
High frequency
resistance
heating
Classification of Ceramics
Ceramics
Traditional ceramics
New ceramics
Glass
Ceramics
Traditional ceramics
clays: kaolinite
silica: quartz, sandstone
alumina
silicon carbide
New ceramics
oxide ceramics : alumina
carbides : silicon carbide, titanium carbide, etc.
nitrides : silicon nitride, boron nitiride, etc.
Glass
Glass products
window glass
containers
light bulb glass
laboratory glass
glass fibers
optical glass
Classification of Polymers
Thermoplastics
Thermosets
Elastomers
Polymers
Thermoplastics - reversible in phase by heating
and cooling. Solid phase at room temperature
and liquid phase at elevated temperature.
Thermosets - irreversible in phase by heating
and cooling. Change to liquid phase when
heated, then follow with an irreversible
exothermic chemical reaction. Remain in solid
phase subsequently.
Elastomers - Rubbers
Thermoplastics
Acetals
Acrylics - PMMA
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene - ABS
Cellulosics
Fluoropolymers - PTFE , Teflon
Polyamides (PA) - Nylons, Kevlar
Polysters - PET
Polyethylene (PE) - HDPE, LDPE
Polypropylene (PP)
Polystyrene (PS)
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)
Thermosets
Amino resins
Epoxies
Phenolics
Polyesters
Polyurethanes
Silicones
Elastomers
Natural rubber
Synthetic rubbers
butadiene rubber
butyl rubber
chloroprene rubber
ethylene-propylene rubber
isoprene rubber
nitrile rubber
polyurethanes
silicones
styrene-butadiene rubber
thermoplastic elastomers
Composite Materials
Metal Matrix Composites (MMC)
Mixture of ceramics and metals reinforced by strong,
high-stiffness fibers
Composite Materials
1D fibre
Woven fabric
Random fibre
Composite Materials