Reservoir Production Processes

Reservoir Production Processes
Basics of Reservoir Engineering

(Reserves, Reservoir Drive Mechanisms, GOR, Phase
Diagrams, Oil Recovery Factor)
Copyright 2007,
, All rights reserved
Hydrocarbon Volumes
(Basic Concepts)
OIIP: Oil Initially In Place
STOIIP: Stock Tank Oil Initially In Place
Reserves
Recovery Factor
Copyright 2007,
Oil Initially In Place (OIIP)
Where;
A: Area
h: Thickness
: Porosity
Sw: Water Saturation
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Stock Tank Oil Initially In Place (STOIIP)
Where:
A: area
h: formation thickness
: porosity
Sw: water saturation
Bo: formation volume factor
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What are Reserves?

Oil and gas trapped beneath the earths surface that can be
recovered under existing economic conditions and with current
technology.
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Recovery Factor
RF
Np
N
where:
N: stock tank oil originally in place

Np: cumulative stock tank oil prod.
Affected by:
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Reservoir Rock
Fluid Properties
Production Mechanism
Reservoir Continuity, Heterogeneity
Economic Conditions
Technology
Reserves Uncertainty
Increasing
Recovery
II
III
Range of
Recovery Estimates
True Ultimate
Recovery
Cumulative
Production
Time
Wells
Completed
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Abandonment At
Economic Limit
Global Oil and Gas Fields
Gas
Oil
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Where are those Reserves?
Copyright 2007,
Largest Hydrocarbon Basins by Ultimate

Recovery Factor
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10
World Fuel Consumption: 1975-2000

Oil
Natural Gas
Nuclear Energy
Hydroelectricity
Coal
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
Copyright 2007,
Year
1999
1997
1995
1993
1991
1989
1987
1985
1983
1981
1979
1977
1,000
1975
Million tonnes oil equivalent
8,000
11
Projected World Energy Supplies
100
Billion
80
100 BILLION
BARRELS
Solar Wind
Geothermal
World Energy Demand
Equivalent
(GBOE)
Nuclear Electric
Coal
40
Crude Oil
20
Tar Sands/Oil Shales

1900
Copyright 2007,
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
2040
2060
2080
Decreasing
Fossil Fuels
Natural
Gas
New Technologies
Careers in
Oil & Gas
Hydroelectric
1993 Will be Important
2100
12
STOIIP & RF
What is the STOIIP in the following case (in bbls)?

A: 300m x 500m
Sw: 25%
1m3 = 6.289bbls
h: 200m
: 20%
Bo: 1.35
If ultimate RF of this reservoir is 30% and oil price is $75/bbl,

how much is the total revenue? Assume there is no market
for the gas in this case.
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13
Oil Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Solution-gas drive
Gas-cap drive
Water drive
Combination drive
Gravity-drainage drive
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14
Sources of Reservoir Energy
Liberation, expansion of solution gas
Influx of aquifer water
Expansion of reservoir rock and compression of pore volume
Expansion of original reservoir fluids

Free gas
Interstitial water
Oil, if present
Gravitational forces
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15
Solution Gas Drive in Oil Reservoirs
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16
No original gas cap or aquifer
Main source(s) of reservoir energy

liberation and expansion of dissolved gas
Possible secondary gas cap

liberated free gas can migrate up-structure
Typical production characteristics

Rapid GOR increase after Pb
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17

Formation of Secondary Gas Cap
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18

Typical Production Characteristics
Reservoir pressure, psig
Initial reservoir
pressure
Reservoir pressure behavior
Bubblepoint
pressure
5
15
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10
Oil recovery, % of OOIP

19
600
400
200
400
Production data
400
300
Gas/oil
ratio
300
200
100
Reservoir
pressure
Oil production rate
200
100
Gas/oil ratio, SCF/STB
800
Pressure, psia
Oil production rate, STB/D
Time, years
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20
Gas Cap Drive
Oil producing well

Oil
zone
Gas cap
Oil
zone
Cross Section
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21
Gas Cap Drive
Free gas phase exists as an original gas cap

Pure gas-cap drive reservoir has no aquifer
Expansion of gas cap and liberation and expansion of solution
gas in the oil zone
Gas cap expands pushing GOC down and maintaining

higher pressure
Good sweep
Typical production characteristics
dramatic GOR increase when gas breakthrough
Copyright 2007,
22
Copyright 2007,
Production data
Reservoir pressure
Gas/oil ratio
2
1
Oil
800
600
400
200
0
Gas/oil ratio, scf/STB
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
Oil production rate,

MSTB/D
Pressure, psia
Gas Cap Drive

Time, years
23
Water Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Oil zone in communication with acquifer

influx of acquifer water - edge-water drive, bottom-water drive
Pressure decline relatively slow
GOR kept relatively low and stable
Water production increases steadily
Oil production declines when water breakthrough
Reasonable sweep - depends on mobility ratio
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24

Edge-Water Drive
Oil producing well
Oil
Zone
Water
Water
Cross Section
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25

Bottom-Water Drive
Oil producing well
Oil
Zone
Water
Cross Section
Copyright 2007,
26
Copyright 2007,
Gas/oil ratio
Water
Oil
2
1
0
40
30
20
10
0
Water cut, %
100
80
60
40
20
0
Reservoir pressure
Gas/oil ratio, MSCF/STB
Production data
2300
2200
2100
2000
1900
Oil production rate,

MSTB/D
Pressure, psia

Time, years
27
2000
1900
1800
1700
Reservoir pressure
Gas/oil ratio
Oil production,
MSTB/D
Water
20
15
10
5
0
Oil
2
1
0
60
40
20
0
Water Cut, %
Production data - lower oil production rate
Pressure, psia

Effect of Production Rate on Pressure
Time, years
Copyright 2007,
28
Reservoir pressure
Reservoir pressure in this reservoir declines more slowly and
even rises because the aquifer is able to provide enough
pressure support to offset lower fluid withdrawal from this
reservoir. Oil production rate in the figure above is lower than in
the previous example.
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29
Combination Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Gas cap
Oil zone
Water
Cross Section
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30
Combination Drive in Oil Reservoirs
Basic drive mechanisms usually occur in combination.
A large aquifer and a large gas cap can occur in a reservoir

simultaneously.
Oil production pressure drop results in some dissolved gas drive

component in any oil reservoir drive mechanism (even in water-drive
and gas-cap drive).
Dominant drive mechanism depends on the strength" of each of the

source(s) of reservoir energy: size of original gas cap, "strength" of
aquifer (size and permeability), and degree of pressure decline.
Copyright 2007,
31
Gravity Drainage in Oil Reservoirs

Main energy - gravitational force
Good drainage efficiency and recovery factor
Gas
Gas
Oil
Gas
Point C
Oil
Point B
Oil
Point A
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32
Gravity Drainage in Oil Reservoirs
Gravity drainage may occur in any type of reservoir.

Gravity drainage is particularly important in solution-gas and gas-cap
drive oil reservoirs.
Gravitational segregation can improve recovery efficiency substantially
when it has time to act.
In solution-gas drive reservoirs, liberated solution gas may segregate
from oil to form a secondary gas cap.
In gas-cap drive reservoirs, oil in gas-invaded region drains down to
rejoin oil column, reducing residual oil saturation (and thus improving
recovery efficiency).
Recovery efficiency for a gravity-drainage reservoir may approach that
of better water-drive reservoirs.
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33
Pressure Trend
Reservoir pressure trends
100
Water drive
Reservoir pressure,
Percent of original
80
60
Gas-cap drive
40
20
Solution
-gas drive
0 0
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20
40
60
80
100
Cumulative oil produced, percent of original oil in place
34
GOR Trends
Gas/oil ratio trends
Gas-cap drive
3
0
Copyright 2007,
Solutiongas drive
Water drive
Cumulative oil produced, percent of original oil in place
35
Gas Reservoir Drive Mechanisms
Volumetric reservoir (gas expansion drive)
Water drive
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36
Volumetric Gas Reservoirs
Gas reservoir with no acquifer

expansion of gas
Pressure decline slowly and continuously
No water production
Flowing life can be increased by reducing surface backpressure through installing compression
Copyright 2007,
37
Water Drive in Gas Reservoirs
Gas reservoir with acquifer

expansion of gas and water influx
Pressure decline slower than volumetric gas reservoir
Water production may start early and increases with time
Flowing life can be increased by installing continuous or

intermittent water removal equipment
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38
Average Recovery Factors

Oil Reservoirs
Drive Mechanism
Solution-gas drive
Gas-cap drive
Water drive
Gravity-drainage
drive
Copyright 2007,
Average Oil Recovery

Factors,
% of OOIP
Range
Average
5- 30
15
15- 50
30
30- 60
40
16- 85
50
39
Average Recovery Factors

Gas Reservoirs
Drive Mechanism
Volumetric
reservoir
(Gas expansion
drive)
Water drive
Copyright 2007,
Average Gas Recovery Factors,

% of OGIP
Range
Average
70- 90
80
35- 65
50
40
Properties Favorable for Oil Recovery
Solution-gas drive oil reservoirs

Low oil density
Low oil viscosity
High oil bubblepoint pressure
Gas-cap drive oil reservoirs
Copyright 2007,
Favorable oil properties

Relatively large ratio of gas cap to oil zone
High reservoir dip angle
Thick oil column
41
Properties Favorable for Oil Recovery

Water drive oil reservoirs
Large aquifer
High relative oil permeability
Low oil viscosity
Little reservoir heterogeneity

and stratification
Gravity drainage oil reservoirs
High reservoir dip angle
Large fluid density difference
Favorable permeability
distribution
Large segregation area
Low withdrawal
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42
Properties Favorable for Gas Recovery
Volumetric gas reservoir (gas expansion drive)

Low abandonment pressure
Water-drive gas reservoir

Large aquifer
Small degree of reservoir heterogeneity and stratification
Copyright 2007,
43
Oil Recovery factor

(Solution Gas Drive API study)
ER
Swi
Bob
k
ob
pb
pa
Copyright 2007,
= Oil recovery efficiency (recovery factor), [% (for API study)]

= Reservoir porosity, fraction
= Interstitial water saturation, fraction
= Formation volume factor of oil at bubblepoint, RB/STB
= Reservoir permeability, [darcy (for API
study);
= Oil viscosity at bubblepoint pressure, cp
= Bubblepoint pressure of oil, psig
= Abandonment reservoir pressure, psig
44
Oil Recovery factor

(Water Drive API study)
Copyright 2007,
ER
Swi
Bob
k
ob
o
w
pb
pa
= Oil recovery efficiency (recovery factor), [% (for API study)]

= Formation volume factor of oil at bubblepoint, RB/STB
= Reservoir permeability, [darcy (for API study);
= Oil viscosity at bubblepoint pressure, cp
= Oil viscosity at initial conditions, cp
= Water viscosity, cp
= Bubblepoint pressure of oil, psig
= Abandonment reservoir pressure, psig
45
Oil Recovery factor

(Water Drive Guthrie-Greenberger study)
ER
k
Swi
o
h
Copyright 2007,
= Oil recovery efficiency (recovery factor), [fraction]

= Reservoir permeability, md
= Oil viscosity, cp
= Thickness, ft
46
The Area and the Thickness of the Reservoir
Copyright 2007,
47
Exercise
Determine the Recovery Factor for one of your fields
Copyright 2007,
48

Reservoir Production Processes

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Reservoir Production Processes

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Reservoir Production Processes

Basics of Reservoir Engineering

, All rights reserved

OIIP: Oil Initially In Place

STOIIP: Stock Tank Oil Initially In Place

, All rights reserved

Oil Initially In Place (OIIP)

, All rights reserved

Stock Tank Oil Initially In Place (STOIIP)

Sw: water saturation

Bo: formation volume factor

, All rights reserved

What are Reserves?

, All rights reserved

N: stock tank oil originally in place

, All rights reserved

Global Oil and Gas Fields

, All rights reserved

Where are those Reserves?

, All rights reserved

Largest Hydrocarbon Basins by Ultimate

, All rights reserved

World Fuel Consumption: 1975-2000

, All rights reserved

Million tonnes oil equivalent

Projected World Energy Supplies

World Energy Demand

Tar Sands/Oil Shales

, All rights reserved

What is the STOIIP in the following case (in bbls)?

If ultimate RF of this reservoir is 30% and oil price is $75/bbl,

, All rights reserved

Oil Reservoir Drive Mechanisms

, All rights reserved

Sources of Reservoir Energy

Liberation, expansion of solution gas

Influx of aquifer water

Expansion of reservoir rock and compression of pore volume

Expansion of original reservoir fluids

, All rights reserved

Solution Gas Drive in Oil Reservoirs

, All rights reserved

Solution Gas Drive in Oil Reservoirs

No original gas cap or aquifer

Main source(s) of reservoir energy

Possible secondary gas cap

Typical production characteristics

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Solution Gas Drive in Oil Reservoirs

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Solution Gas Drive in Oil Reservoirs

, All rights reserved

Oil recovery, % of OOIP

Solution Gas Drive in Oil Reservoirs

Gas/oil ratio, SCF/STB

Oil production rate, STB/D

Typical Production Characteristics

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Gas Cap Drive

Oil producing well

, All rights reserved

Gas Cap Drive

Free gas phase exists as an original gas cap

Gas cap expands pushing GOC down and maintaining