Which do you like?

Which do you like better?

Which do you like better?

Which do you like better?

Which do you like better?

What do you think

BIODIVERSITY means?

Biodiversity
Life

Bio =

Diversity = Variety

Biodiversity
is the variety of life on Earth and the essential
interdependence of all living things
Is the variability among organisms from all sources, including inter alia,
terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological
complexes of which they are part, which includes: diversity within
species, between species, and of ecosystems. United Nations
Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992

Biodiversity
the ensemble and the interactions of the genetic, the species, and the
ecological diversity in a given place and at a given time. Zamora, 1997

the wealth of life on earth, the millions of plants, animals and

microorganisms, the genes they contain, and the intricate
ecosystems they help build into the living environment.
World Wild Fund for Nature, 1989

Biodiversity
Includes: all organisms, species, and populations; genetic variations
among them; all complex assemblages of communities and
ecosystems.

There are 3 components of

biodiversity
1. Diversity of genes

Japanese

Chihuahua

Dalmatian

1. Diversity of genes
Refers to a variety of expressed traits
or genes within the species.

There are 3 components of

biodiversity
2. Diversity of species

2. Diversity of species
Refers to a variety of species or diversity
between species.
Patterns of Species Diversity:
- History
- Chance
- Necessity

There are 3 components of

biodiversity

3. Variety of ecosystems

3. Variety of ecosystems
Refers to a variety of species among
ecosystems in a given area.
A variety of habitat, communities, ecological
processes.

Benefits from Biodiversity

Economic Importance
- basic needs (food, clothing, shelter)
- medicine
- livelihood

Benefits from Biodiversity

. Resistance to Catastrophe
Higher biodiversity controls the spread of
certain diseases as viruses will need adapt
itself with every new species.

Benefits from Biodiversity

Leisure, Aesthetic and Cultural Benefits
- Millions of people enjoy hunting, fishing, camping,
hiking, wildlife watching, and other outdoor activities based
on nature. These activities keep us healthy by providing
invigorating physical exercise.
- Contact with nature also can be psychologically and
emotionally restorative while to some it may carry some
spiritual connotations.

Benefits from Biodiversity

Industrial Materials
- Industrial materials are derived directly from biological
resources.
Example: building materials, fibers, dyes, resins, gums,
adhesives, rubber and oil.

Benefits from Biodiversity

Ecological Benefits
- Soil formation, waste disposal, air and water
purification, nutrient cycling, solar energy
absorption, and management of biogeochemical
and hydrological cycles all depends on the
biodiversity of life.

CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

1. Habitat
destruction

fragmentation/

. The most important extinction threat for

most species is habitat loss.
. The most obvious example of habitat
destructions are
. Deforestation-clear cutting of forest
. Conversion of grassland to crop fields
. Conversion of space to industrial area,
park, residential lands
. The destruction of coral reefs, wetlands
also contribute to the decreased number
of species.

CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

2.Introduction of exotic/ invasive species (non-native)
There will be competition between native and exotic species
They are being called as alien, non-native, non-indigenous,
unwanted, disruptive, pests and invasive
Invasive species are organisms that thrive in new territory where
they may adversely affect native species by infecting them,
competing with them, eating them or mating with them.

CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

3. Overpopulation
Rapid human population growth
represents threat to biodiversity in
several ways. Massive timber and fuel
consumption, mining, dynamite and
muro-ami fishing, clearing for agricultural
have destroyed natures habitat.
Species of plants and animals have
become rare and endangered.

CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

4. Pollution
Toxic pollutants can have disastrous effects on
local population of organism.
Improper garbage disposal
Human beings have polluted the environment
with chemical poisons called pesticides. Some
valuable insects were destroyed at the same time
the harmful ones are killed. Pesticides reached
bodies of waters and lead to poisoning of fisheating birds, marine mammals, alligators, fish
and sea lions.

CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

5. Over-exploitation, (over-hunting, over-collecting)
Because of economical benefit from biodiversity, many species have been
over-exploited over the years.
American bison or buffalo was hunted near to extinction for tongues. Fish
stocks have been seriously depleted by over harvesting in many parts of the
world. Plants are also threatened by over-harvesting. Wild ginseng has been
nearly eliminated in many areas because of Asian demand for roots that are
used as an aphrodisiac and folk medicine.

CAUSES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION

6. Natural Cause of Extinction. Global climate change caused by
release of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere destroy and alter
environmental ecosystems thus species may be lost if they are
unable to adapt to new conditions.
New species may arise through the processes of mutation and
natural selection and disappear the same way.
Example is the tiny Hypohippus which has been replaced by the
much larger modern horse.

Conservation and Management

of Biodiversity

Is the management, protection and

wise use of natural resources.

A. Soil Conservation
Importance of soil for the growth
of plants
The thin layer of fertile of soil
was formed by natural processes
over thousands of years. But due
to certain practice of man, soil
has been destroyed.
Major conservation problems:
Soil Erosion

B. Water Conservation

Water supply is directly proportional to population

Earth has abundant supply of water, but it is unevenly distributed

Some areas establish dams to create water reservoirs and also to

control flood.

Watershed management help reduce flooding and soil erosion and

C. Forest Conservation
Forests serves as homes
wildlife and for timber.

for

Forest are important watershed.

They absorb rain water and
prevent run-off of water that
causes flooding and erosion.
Forests provide recreational space.
Conservation of forests can be
managed by protecting them from
fires, insect pests and diseases.

D. Wildlife Conservation
This is the management of natural
resources in our environment for
protection and benefit of plants and
animals.
Some species of plants and animals
become extinct because of human
activities and population growth.
Hunting, clearing of forest for
agriculture
and
industry,
and
pollution affects the environment and
damages the habitat of wildlife
species.

E. Ex situ Conservation
Species are protected outside its natural habitats (zoo,
aquaria, captive breeding centers, botanical gardens,
seed banks, gene banks)

F. Biodiversity Prospecting
Involves searching for, collecting, examining, and deriving genetic
material from samples of biological resources that have features
and might be of value for commercialized pharmaceutical,
agricultural, industrial, or chemical processing end products.

Importance of Conservation
1. To meet demands for resources
2. To maintain the quality of life

SPECIES CONSERVATION STATUS

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)
Formerly the World Conservation Union
Stands for International Union in Conservation of Natural
Resources
IUCN Red list Categories are intended to be an easily and widely
understood system for classifying species at high risk of global
extinction.

IUCN Categories
1. EXTINCT (EX)
A taxon is extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died.
Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxons life cycle and life
form.
Complete disappearance of a species from the Earth. It happens when a species
cannot adapt and successfully reproduce under new environmental conditions or
when species evolves into one or more new species.
A species no longer found in the past 50 years
2. EXTINCT IN THE WILD (EW)
it is known only to survive in cultivation or as a naturalized well outside the past
range.

3. CRITICALLY ENDANGERED (CR)

When the best available evidence indicates that it reduce its population
size of 90% over last 10 years of three generations.
Therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in
the wild.
4. ENDANGERED (EN)
When the best available evidence indicates that it reduce its population
size of 70% over last 10 years of three generations.
Therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.
It has so few individual survivors that the species could soon become
extinct over all or most of its natural range.

5. VULNERABLE (VU) or THREATENED

When the best available evidence indicates that it reduce its
population size of 50% over last 10 years of three generations.
Therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the
wild.
Still abundant in its natural range but because of declining numbers
is likely to become endangered in the near future.
6. NEAR THREATENED (NT)
When it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify
for Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable now.

7. LEAST CONCERN (LC)

When it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for
Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened.
Widespread and abundant taxa is included in this category.
8. DATA DEFICIENT (DD)
When there is inadequate information to make a direct or indirect
assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution or
population status.
Therefore not a category of THREAT.

9. NOT EVALUATED (NE)

A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been
evaluated against the criteria.

STATE OF PHILIPPINE BIODIVERSITY

It has the total land of approximately 30 million
hectares consisting of more than 7,000 islands
for the home of most unbelievable unique and
rare animals.
Most biological diverse countries in the world.
Endemism is high.
endemic- species that is found in only one area.
Endemicity-refers to the restricted distribution of
organism at any taxonomic level. These are unique
species that found nowhere else in the world.

Button

quail
(Turnix worcesteri)
is an endemic to the
island of Luzon

 Biodiversity Hotspots have exceptionally high numbers of

endemics or species that occur nowhere else.
PHILIPPINES AS HOTSPOTS
23rd- richest in species in the world
7th- richest in species at Asian region
5th- in the world for the most number of endemic species
Biodiversity Hotspot Criteria:
Species Endemism
Degree of Threat - (Myers et al. 2000)

 4th- bird endemism

8th-reptilian endemism.
endemism is at 78%

Amphibian

 2nd-for all species of butterflies

5th-for tiger beetle endemism

Philippine Biodiversity
SPECIES

NUMBER OF SPECIES

ENDEMICS

9,000

3,000

Mammals

183

121

Reptiles and Amphibians

359

248

Fishes

3,094

78

Birds

577

195+

Butterflies

895

352

Coral

800

500

Flowering plants

Approximately Number of Philippine

Native, Endemic and Threatened
Taxonomic
groups

Number of
Species

Number of
Endemic
Species

Number of
threatened
species

Number of
threatened
endemic

Mammals

183

120

50-52

41

Birds

577

195+

59-74

59

Reptiles

258

170

Amphibians

101

78

48

24

Fishes

3,094

78

52-60

50+

Total(approx)

4,213

641+

217-242

178+

SOME NOTABLE FLORA AND FAUNA SPECIES IN THE

PHILIPPINES

MAMMALS
Smallest primitive primates.

Its
two big eyes cannot mov. It can turn its
head 180 degrees. It is found in the
islands of Samar, Leyte, Bohol and
Mindanao.

PHILIPPINE TARSIER (Tarsius syrichta)

 Largest flower
(Rafflesia speciousa)

Worlds largest bats found in Subic and BataanGOLDEN CROWNED FLYING FOX (Pteropus
vampyrus) AND GIANT FLYING FOX
(Acerodon jubatus

Smallest bat in the world- PHILIPPINE

BAMBOO BAT(Vespertilionid sp.)

 Largest endangered land animal and

one of the 10 most endangered
species. is endemic to Mindoro. It
belong to the family of buffalos.TAMARAW (Bubalus mindorensis)

Worlds rarest mammals and most

endangered deer in the planet. It is
found in the dwindling forest of
Panay Island.
- PHILIPPINE SPOTTED DEER (Cervus
alfredi)

 Worlds largest reptile. It is found in the

Philippines and other Asian country.
SALTWATER
CROCODILE
(Crocodylus porosus)

Worlds smallest hoofed

mammal. The Philippine
mouse deer is found in
Balabac Island, South
of Palawan.
-PILANDOK (Tragalus
nigricans)

 Worlds largest rat- CLOUD RAT

Largest or longest snake

-RETICULATED
PYTHON

 Cebu
Flowerpecker
(Dicaeum quadricolor)
is a small passerine bird
and is endemic to Cebu
island in the Philippines.

Of 114 snakes found in the

Philippines 14 is said to
be poisonous.
Worlds largest terrestrial
venomous snake KING
COBRA
Worlds largest eagle. It lives in the
rainforests of Isabela, Samar. Leyte,
and Mindanao.
-PHILIPPINE EAGLE (Pithecopha
jefferyi)

 Most expensive shellGLORY OF THE SEA SHELL

Worlds largest fishBUTANDING
Worlds smallest freshwater fishDwarf goby

 Sea turtles popularly known in the

Philippines as pawikan.
There are more than 220 species
of turtles in the world, but only
seven are considered marine
(saltwater).
Five of these species are present in
the Philippines, namely:
a. Green (Chelonia mydas)
b.
Hawksbill
imbricata)

(Eretmochelys

e. Leatherback turtles
(Dermochelys
coriacea)

c. Loggerhead
(Caretta caretta)
d. Olive Ridley
(Lepidochelys olivacea)

Hardest wood- PHILIPPINE

IRON WOOD

9,000 Flowering found in

the country including 200
fruit trees

ENDEMIC FRUIT TREES IN THE COUNTRY

1.
2.
3.
4.

Durian
Mabolo
Pili
Bignay

Philippine Endangered Species

Plants

Birds

Mammals

Reptiles

All species of ferns

(Cyatheaceae spp)

Philippine eagle
(Pithecophaga jefferyi)

Dugong (Dugong dugong)

Hawks bill (Eretmochelys

imbricata)

Ladys slipper or pitogo

(Cycas spp.)

Peregrine falcon (Falco

peregrinus)

Tamaraw (Bubalus
mindorensis)

Logger head (Cretta

cretta)

Alocasia, pitcher plant

(Nepenthes spp.)

Palawan peacock pheasant

(Polyplectron emphanum)

Philippine tarsier (Tarsius

syrichia)

Olive ridley (Lepidochelys

olivacea)

Orchids
(Orchidaceae spp.)

Spotted green shank (Tringa

guttifera)

Calamaman deer (Axis

calamianensis)

Leather back turtle

(Dermochelys coriacea)

Bleeding heart pigeon

(Callicolumba luzonica)

Fruit bat (Ptenochirus jagori) Crocodiles (Crocodylus

mindorensis)

Protected Areas in the Philippines

As mandated by
National Integrated Protection Area System (NIPAS) Act of 1992

Batanes (habitat of migratory birds and lizard)

N. Sierra Madre National Park (Philippine eagle, deer and dipterocarp, coral reefs,
sea grass beds)

Subic Bay National Parks (endemic endangered bat species)

Protected Areas in the Philippines

Apo Reef Marine National Park (coral reefs)

Mt. Kanlaon National Parks

Mt. Apo and Mt. Katanglad

Agusan Marsh Sanctuary (largest swamp in the country)

Siargao Wildlife Sanctuary (rare crocodile and birds)

Turtle Island Marine National Park (endangered marine turtles)

Captive Breeding Existing In The Philippines

1. Zobels deer farm in Calatagan Batangas
2. Philippine Raptor Conservation Program at the Makiling Botanic Gardens,
UPLB
3. Philippine Eagle Conservation Center in Davao City
4. Crocodile Farming Institute in Puerto Princesa Palawan
5. Calauit Wildlife Sanctuary
6. Tamaraw Conservation Project in San Jose Mindoro

GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE ORGANIZATION ON WILD LIFE

CONSERVATION

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

Department of Education, Culture and Sports (DECS)
Department of Health (DOH)
Department of Agriculture (DA)
Department of Tourism (DOT)
Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA)
Non-Government Organization (NGOs)
ABS-CBN Bantay Kalikasan and GMA Foundation

LEGISLATIONS AND POLICIES

GOVERNING WILDLIFE
WILDLIFE ACT
RA 9147 more commonly known as Wildlife Act was approved by
the Congress on July 30 and officially took effect last August 31,
2004

Its provisions cover all the following:

1. Trade Related Provision
. Collection of wildlife is allowed only upon authorization.
. Collection of threatened wildlife by products and derivation shall only be allowed
for scientific research.

2. Government authorization permits and its period of

validity.
Wildlife farms or culture permit 3-5 years
Wildlife collectors permit 1-3 years
Research permit- 1year
Local Transport permit-1-3 months
Export/ Import permit- 1-6 months

PENALTIES AND FINES

CRITICAL

2 yrs/ 1-4 days

P5000-300,000

ENDANGERED

1 yr/ 1-2 days

P2000-200,000

VULNERABLE

6 months/ 1 day

P1000-100,000

THREATENED

1 month/1-6 days

P500-50,000

NON- THREATENED 10 days

P200-20,000

The
end!...finally.