PROBLEMS FACED BY CHILDREN OF

THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES WITH

SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PAKISTAN
( IDENTIFICATION , ASSESSMENT &
INTERVENTION )
 Submitted To: Mam Aiyha Basharat Ghumman


 Submitted By: Muzamil Kousar (06010611-011)

Humanity

Humanity
 for Children offers the
opportunity for each of us to improve;


 Health
 Education
 Social & Psychological
 In Third World Countries
The different problems related to the children,


these evolve in four different areas.

• Biology (physical health, biological
structure, also related to physical diseases
etc.)
• Psychology (cognition, emotiontional, &
behavioral functioning)
• Sociology (family, peers, neighbor, school)
• Economics (financial and economical
conditions )
Main Focus On…
•
• Physical Problems in Children
•
• Psychological Problems in Children
•
• Social problems in Children
Physical Problems in Children
1.
2.Acute Respiratory Infections in
Children
3.
4.Chronic Diseases in Children
•
 Acute Disease in Children
Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are


among the three biggest killers of children

below five years of age, other two being
acute diarrhea and EPI related diseases.
• AR caused by viruses
•
• But 2/3 of the pneumonias are bacterial in
origin
 Acute respiratory
infections (ARI)

Ø Upper respiratory tract infections

(URIs)
The upper respiratory tract consists of the

airways from the nostrils to the vocal cords

in the larynx, including the paranasal
sinuses and the middle ear.
Ø Lower respiratory tract infections
(LRIs).
The lower respiratory tract covers the
continuation of the airways from the
trachea and bronchi to the bronchioles and
the alveoli.


The WHO estimates that 2 million children under



five die of pneumonia each year.

Assessment
• 500 to 900 million ARI episodes occur per
year in developing countries.
• About 2 million under five children die of
ARI annually, of which 90% deaths occur in
developing countries.
• Out of these pneumonia is primarily the main
cause of mortality.
• 20% to 40% of the children attending
outpatient clinics and
• 12% to 35% of admissions into hospitals.
 Assessment of Respiratory Disease

Clinical Data Obtained at the Patient's Bedside

Ø The Patient Interview
Ø The Physical Examination and Its Basis in Physiology
Clinical Data Obtained from Laboratory Tests and

Special Procedures
Ø Pulmonary Function Study Assessments
Ø Arterial Blood Gas Assessments
Ø Oxygenation Assessments
Ø Cardiovascular System Assessments
Ø Other Important Laboratory Tests and Procedures
Ø Radiologic Examination of the Chest
•
Purview of
the health
Intervention Public
Health
system
Continue…..
•
• Vaccinations against measles,
diphtheria, pertussis, Hib,
pneumococcus, and influenza
•
• Hib Vaccine preventing persistent
disease (mainly meningitis, but also
pneumonia)
•
Chronic Diseases in Children
 Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs)
Ø 60% worldwide & 80% of the deaths due to
NCDs in low- and middle-income countries
of global deaths from all causes worldwide.


(Cardiovascular disease, Diabetes, Cancer, and



Chronic Respiratory disease double the

number of deaths from HIV/AIDS,
Tuberculosis, Malaria)
Common Chronic Childhood
Diseases
Assessment
• Chronic diseases’ can be assessed through different
campaign like; World Asthma Day
• More than 300 Million people worldwide
• More than 250, 000 premature deaths every year?
• In Pakistan more than 20 % of children below the
age of 15 and around 10% of adults are estimated
to be suffering from this disease.
• Chronic diseases can be assessed to apply different
test like blood test, urine test, different machines
like X-Ray”s, MRI’s Ultrasounds etc.
•
Interventions
• Ensure early and comprehensive prenatal
nutrition and health care.
• Encourage healthy eating habits beginning
at an early age.
• Incorporate physical activity into daily life
• Enable early diagnosis of developmental
delays or mental illness to improve
access to programs designed to help
children with these conditions.
 Psychological Problems in
Children
• In Pakistan children are facing lot of
psychological problems. A little help at
young age can prevent big Psychological
Problems later. Most Psychological
problems faced by adults have their
roots in the childhood.
About 20% of children in third world countries
suffer from a diagnosable psychological problems.
Children can suffer from the following mental
illnesses;
 Assessment
Researchers are looking that what is normal


and abnormal in childhood development

• If symptoms are present, the doctor will
begin an evaluation by performing a
complete medical history and physical
examination.
• If no physical illness is found, the child may
be referred to a Psychiatrists or
psychologists. They use specially designed
interview and assessment tools to evaluate
a child for a mental disorder.
•
 Intervention
• Mental disorders are like many medical
illnesses that require ongoing treatment.
The most common treatment options
used include:
• Medication
• Psychotherapy
• Creative therapies
 Social Problems in
Children
There are lots of social problems which


create imbalance in the lives of children.

In which major are include;
• Stealing
• Gambling
• Smoking
• Drug Addicting
The place of originating these habits is not the school
but the home and social surrounding in which the
child lives and move and spends about 80% of his
total time.
 Assessment
• The children who are indulging in these
problems can be interviewed by different
ways like;
• If they are in any institute or the children
living in their homes
• The NGOs working on child sexual abuse in
Pakistan believe that
• These include children living on the street,
refugee children, children working in
hotels, restaurants or employed in the
transport industry
 Intervention
• There are a number of child welfare
institutions functioning in Pakistan
curing and reforming the problem of
children and putting them on the right
path like;
• Edi Center
• Protection Welfare Bureau (Lahore)
Preventive programme starts
could be start on Micro Level
• Parental Role (Parents are expected to act as
Role model not ideal but response & reaction)
• Role of the School (Create favorable condition
for attracting and creating interest)
• Role of the Teachers (To appraise his own
growth & achievement, present an acceptable
attitude towards the problem child )
• The School Counselors (Keep a close track on
the activities of such children through daily
progress report )
• The Police (Cooperation from the society and
others engaged in this work)