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LymphaticVesselstransportonlyinthe
directiontowardtheheart.
Pickuptheextratissuefluidthatcapillariesleave
Lymphtheinterstitialfluidcarriedbylymphatics
LymphaticOrgansfiltrationdevicesstagedat
variousimportantjunctionpointsinthebody
LymphVessels
Lymphaticcapillariesdiffuse,highlypermeabledueto
presenceof:
Minivalveslooselyoverlappingendothelialcells
Collagenfiberattachmenttosurroundingstructuresprevents
collapseofcapillary
Lymphaticcollectingvesselslikeveinsbutthinnerwalled
w/morevalvesandanastomoses
Lymphatictrunkslumbar,bronchomediastinal,
subclavian,jugularandintestinal
LymphaticductsRightLymphaticDuct&ThoracicDuct
LymphaticCapillaries
Figure 20.1b
LymphaticCapillaries
Duringinflammation,lymphcapillariescan
absorb:
Celldebris
Pathogens
Cancercells
Cellsinthelymphnodescleanseand
examinethisdebris
Lactealsspecializedlymphcapillaries
presentinintestinalmucosa
Absorbdigestedfatanddeliverchyletotheblood
LymphaticCollectingVessels
Havethesamethreetunicsasveins
Havethinnerwalls,withmoreinternalvalves
Anastomosemorefrequently
Collectingvesselsintheskintravelwith
superficialveins
Deepvesselstravelwitharteries
Nutrientsaresuppliedfrombranchingvasa
vasorum
LymphaticTrunks
Lymphatictrunksareformedbytheunion
ofthelargestcollectingducts
Majortrunksinclude:
Pairedlumbar,bronchomediastinal,subclavian,
andjugulartrunks
Asingleintestinaltrunk
LymphaticTrunks
Lymphisdeliveredintooneoftwolarge
trunks
Rightlymphaticductdrainstherightupper
armandtherightsideoftheheadandthorax
Thoracicductarisesfromthecisternachyli
anddrainstherestofthebody
LymphTransport
Thelymphaticsystemlacksapumpingorgan
Vesselsarelowpressureconduits
Usesthesamemethodsasveinstopropel
lymph:
Pulsationsofnearbyarteries
Contractionsofsmoothmuscleinthewallsof
thelymphatics
LymphoidCells
Lymphocytesarethemaincellsinvolvedin
theimmuneresponse
Twomainvarieties:
Tcells
Bcells
Lymphocytes
TcellsandBcellsprotectthebodyagainst
antigens
Antigenanythingthebodyperceivesas
foreign
Bacteriaandtheirtoxins;viruses
MismatchedRBCsorcancercells
Lymphocytes
Tcells
Managetheimmuneresponse
Attackanddestroyforeigncells
Bcells
Produceplasmacells,whichsecreteantibodies
Antibodiesimmobilizeantigens
OtherLymphoidCells
Macrophagesphagocytizeforeign
substancesandhelpactivateTcells
Dendriticcellsspinylookingcellswith
functionssimilartomacrophages
Reticularcellsfibroblastlikecellsthat
produceastroma,ornetwork,thatsupports
othercelltypesinlymphoidorgans
LymphoidTissue
Diffuselymphatictissuescatteredreticular
tissueelementsineverybodyorgan
Largercollectionsappearinthelaminapropriaof
mucousmembranesandlymphoidorgans
Lymphaticfollicles(nodules)solid,spherical
bodiesconsistingoftightlypackedreticular
elementsandcells
GerminalcentercomposedofdendriticandBcells
Foundinisolationandaspartoflargerlymphoid
organs
LymphNodes
Principallymphoidorgansofthebody
Embeddedinconnectivetissueand
clusteredalonglymphaticvessels
Aggregationsofthesenodesoccurnearthe
bodysurfaceininguinal,axillary,and
cervicalregionsofthebody
Figure 20.4a
LymphNodes
Twobasicfunctions:
Filtrationmacrophagesdestroy
microorganismsanddebris
Immunesystemactivationmonitorfor
antigensandmountanattackagainstthem
StructureofaLymphNode
Nodesarebeanshapedandsurroundedbya
fibrouscapsule
Trabeculaeextendedinwardfromthecapsule
anddividethenodeintocompartments
Nodeshavetwohistologicallydistinct
regions:acortexandamedulla
Figure 20.4a
StructureofaLymphNode
Cortexcontainsfollicleswithgerminal
centers,heavywithdividingBcells
Dendriticcellsnearlyencapsulatethe
follicles
DeepcortexhousesTcellsintransit
Tcellscirculatecontinuouslyamongthe
blood,lymphnodes,andlymphaticstream
StructureofaLymphNode
Medullarycordsextendfromthecortexand
containBcells,Tcells,andplasmacells
Throughoutthenodearelymphsinuses
crisscrossedbyreticularfibers
Macrophagesresideonthesefibersand
phagocytizeforeignmatter
StructureofaLymphNode
Figure 20.4a, b
CirculationintheLymphNodes
Lymphentersviaafferentlymphaticvessels
Itthenentersalargesubcapsularsinusand
travelsintosmallersinuses
Itmeandersthroughthesesinusesandexits
thenodeatthehilusviaefferentvessels
Becausetherearefewerefferentvessels,
lymphstagnatessomewhatinthenode
Thisallowslymphocytesandmacrophages
timetocarryoutprotectivefunctions
LymphVessel&TransportDisorders
Lymphangitisinflammationofthelarger
lymphaticsvasavasorumwhichcongest
withblood
Lymphedemacollectionoffluidinthe
interstitial,abdominal,andpleuralspaces
blockageofdrainageorlossaftercancer
surgery
hypoproteinemia
OtherLymphoidOrgans
Thespleen,thymusgland,andtonsils
Peyerspatchesandbitsoflymphatictissue
scatteredinconnectivetissue
Allarecomposedofreticularconnective
tissue
Allhelpprotectthebody
Onlylymphnodesfilterlymph
Spleen
Largestlymphoidorgan,locatedontheleft
sideoftheabdominalcavitybeneaththe
diaphragm
Itisservedbythesplenicarteryandvein,
whichenterandexitatthehilus
Functions:
Siteoflymphocyteproliferation
Immunesurveillanceandresponse
Cleansestheblood
AdditionalSpleenFunctions
StoresbreakdownproductsofRBCsfor
laterreuse
Spleenmacrophagessalvageandstoreironfor
laterusebybonemarrow
Siteoffetalerythrocyteproduction
(normallyceasesafterbirth)
Storesbloodplatelets
StructureoftheSpleen
Surroundedbyafibrouscapsule,ithas
trabeculaethatextendinwardandcontains
lymphocytes,macrophages,andhuge
numbersoferythrocytes
Twodistinctareas:
Whitepulpcontainingmostlylymphocytes
suspendedonreticularfibersandinvolvedin
immunefunctions
Redpulpremainingsplenictissueconcerned
withdisposingofwornoutRBCsand
bloodbornepathogens
Thymus
Youngindividuals
Agingreducesittofibrous/fattytissue
CreatesimmunocompetentTcells
UniquesinceitDOESNTgetinvolvedinthe
immunereactiontoantigens
Thymocytesresideinepithelialtissuerather
thanreticulocytes
Thymus
Abilobedorganthatsecreteshormones
(thymosinandthymopoietin)thatcauseT
lymphocytestobecomeimmunocompetent
Sizeofthethymusvarieswithage:
Ininfants,itisfoundintheinferiorneckand
extendsintothemediastinumwhereitpartially
overliestheheart
Itincreasesinsizeandismostactiveduring
childhood
Itstopsgrowingduringadolescenceandthen
graduallyatrophies
InternalAnatomyoftheThymus
Thymiclobescontainanoutercortexand
innermedulla
Cortexcontainsdenselypacked
lymphocytesandscatteredmacrophages
Medullacontainsfewerlymphocytesand
thymic(Hassalls)corpuscles
Thymus
Thethymusdiffersfromotherlymphoid
organsinimportantways
ItfunctionsstrictlyinTlymphocytematuration
Itdoesnotdirectlyfightantigens
Thestromaofthethymusconsistsofstar
shapedepithelialcells(notreticularfibers)
Thesethymocytessecretethehormonesthat
stimulatelymphocytestobecome
immunocompetent
Tonsils
Simplestlymphoidorgans;formaringof
lymphatictissuearoundthepharynx
Location:
Palatinetonsilseithersideoftheposteriorendof
theoralcavity
Lingualtonsilslieatthebaseofthetongue
Pharyngealtonsilposteriorwallofthe
nasopharynx
Tubaltonsilssurroundtheopeningsofthe
auditorytubesintothepharynx
Tonsils
Lymphoidtissueoftonsilscontainsfollicles
withgerminalcenters
Tonsilmassesarenotfullyencapsulated
Epithelialtissueoverlyingtonsilmasses
invaginates,formingblindendedcrypts
Cryptstrapanddestroybacteriaand
particulatematter
AggregatesofLymphoidFollicles
Peyerspatchesisolatedclustersoflymphoid
tissue,similartotonsils
Foundinthewallofthedistalportionofthesmall
intestine
Similarstructuresarefoundintheappendix
Peyerspatchesandtheappendix:
Destroybacteria,preventingthemfrombreaching
theintestinalwall
Generatememorylymphocytesforlongterm
immunity
MALT
MALTmucosaassociatedlymphatic
tissue:
Peyerspatches,tonsils,andtheappendix
(digestivetract)
Lymphoidnodulesinthewallsofthebronchi
(respiratorytract)
MALTprotectsthedigestiveand
respiratorysystemsfromforeignmatter