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M.Phil Geophysics
Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab
AVO ANALYSIS
AVO INTRODUCTION
which gives
unknowns.
four
equations
with
four
sin 1
RP cos
1
R
S sin 2
1
TP
TS cos 21
cos 1
sin 1
sin 2
cos 2
cos 2
sin 2
2VS22VP1
2VS 2VP1
VP1
cos 21
cos
2
cos
2
1
2
VS1
1VS12VP 2
1VS12
VS1
2VP 2
2VS 2
sin 21
cos 22
sin 22
VP1
1VP1
1VP1
sin 1
cos
1
sin 21
cos 21
R ( ) a
VP
VS
b
c
VP
VS
Where;
1
,
2 cos 2
V
b 0.5 2 S
VP
a
V
c 4 S
VP
sin ,
sin 2 ,
2 1
, 2 1 ,
2
VP 2 VP1
VP
, VP VP 2 VP1 ,
2
V V
VS S 2 S1 , VS VS 2 VS1 ,
2
and i t .
2
WHERE ?
1 VP
A
2 V p
VS
1 VP
B
4
2 Vp
VP
1 VP
C
2 Vp
VS
VS
2
VS
VP
AVO MODELS
In the next two slides, we are going to compute the top and base
event responses from Models A and B, using the following values,
where the Wet and Gas cases were computed using the BiotGassmann equations:
Wet: VP= 2500 m/s, VS= 1250 m/s, = 2.11 g/cc, = 0.33
Gas: VP= 2000 m/s, VS= 1310 m/s, = 1.95 g/cc, = 0.12
Shale: VP= 2250 m/s, VS= 1125 m/s, = 2.0 g/cc, = 0.33
We will consider the AVO effects with and without the third term
in the Aki-Richards equation.
0.100
0.000
0.080
-0.020
Amplitude
Amplitude
0.060
0.040
-0.060
0.020
-0.080
0.000
-0.100
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Angle (degrees)
R (All three terms)
-0.040
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Angle (degrees)
R (All three terms)
These figures show the AVO responses from the (a) top and (b) base
of the wet sand. Notice the decrease of amplitude, and also the fact
that the two-term approximation is only valid out to 30 degrees.
0.000
0.250
-0.050
0.200
Amplitude
Amplitude
-0.100
-0.150
-0.200
-0.250
0.100
0.050
0.000
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Angle (degrees)
R (All three terms)
0.150
10 15
20 25
30 35
40 45
Angle (degrees)
R (All three terms)
The above figures show the AVO responses from the (a) top and (b)
base of the gas sand. Notice the increase of amplitude, and again the
fact that the two-term approximation is only valid out to 30 degrees.
SHUEYS EQUATION
1 2
B A D 2( 1 D )
1 ( 1 )2
VP / VP
where : D
,
VP / VP /
2 1
2
2 1
AVO EFFECTS
Class
1
b) Wet sandstone
case: Note that the
effect of and is
to create apparent
Class
AVO decreases.
1
Class
2
Class
2
Class
3
Class
3
BACK-TREND AVO
Deviations
from
the
background petro- physical
trends,
as
would
be
caused by hydrocarbons or
unusual litholo- gies, cause
deviations
from
the
background A versus B
trend. This figure shows
brine sand-gas sand tie
lines for shale over brinesand reflections falling
along a given background
trend
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
AMPLITUDE VS ANGLE
The gas sand event may or may not be evident on the full
stack, depending on the far angle amplitude contribution to
the stack.
Wavelet character on the stack may or may not be troughpeak for a hydrocarbon charged thin bed.
CONT
Thank you