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Cattell
Factor Analytical Theory
Raymond Cattell-History
Born 1905 in England
World War I led to interest in social issues
Initial training in physics and chemistry
Worked with Spearman--mathematical
emphasis
Exposed to factor analysis in the U.S.
A key figure in the trait and factor movement
during and after World War II
fa a
rotate the axes on which the scores are plotted. Eysenck used an
orthogonal rotation whereas Cattell favored an oblique rotation.
The oblique rotation procedure ordinarily results in more traits
than the orthogonal method. ctor analysis (a statistical technique used to identify underlying dimensions)
given a list of items determine which item(s) is related to which item(s)
Methods of investigation
Oblique Rotation
P Technique
3 media of observation
Oblique Rotation
P Technique
Media
ofthree
Observation
Cattell used
different sources of data
Personality Traits
Personality traits include both common traits (shared by many people) and
unique traits (peculiar to one individual). Personality traits can also be classified
into temperament, motivational (dynamic)
A. Temperament Traits: Temperament traits are concerned with how a person
behaves.
Of the 35 primary / first-order traits Cattell has identified, all but one
(intelligence) is basically a temperament trait.
Of the 23 normal traits i.e. those found in normal population, 16 were obtained
through Q media and compose Cattell's famous 16 PF scale. Rest 12 measure the
pathological dimension.
The additional seven factors that make up the 23 normal traits were originally
other people, but, in addition, they exhibit one or more of 12 abnormal traits.
Also, a person's pathology may simply be due to a normal trait that is carried
toan extreme.
Dynamic Traits
In addition to temperament traits, Cattell recognized motivational or
dynamic traits, which include attitudes, ergs, and sems.
A. Attitudes
An attitude refers to a specific course of action, or desire to act, in response
to a given situation. Motivation is usually quite complex, so that a network of
motives, or dynamic lattice, is ordinarily involved with an attitude. In addition
a complex set of subgoals, underlies motivation i.e. some goals are susidiary
to others meaning they must be attained in order to reach next goal.
B. Ergs
Ergs are innate drives or motives, such as sex, hunger, loneliness, pity, fear,
curiosity, pride, sensuousness, anger, and greed that humans share with
other primates.
C. Sems
Another name for sentiments.
Sems are learned or acquired dynamic traits that can satisfy several ergs at
the same time. The self-sentiment is the most important sem in that it
integrates the other sems.Identified 27 sems revolving around atitudes
towards family, work, spouse, home, religion, etc.
D. The Dynamic Lattice
The dynamic lattice is a complex network of attitudes, ergs, and sems
underlying a person's motivational structure.
Assumptions of Factor
Analysis
An inductive method
Exploratory vs confirmatory factor analysis
Founded on quantitative observations
A data reduction approach
Simplify original data
Identify relationships (factors)
Limited by the extent of original data and the
Personality
Dimension A
Dimension B
Cattells
Personality
Factors
16 key factors of
personality, each with
two dimensions.
These dimensions are
assessed using the
16PF for adults, the
HSPQ for teens, the
CPQ ESPQ for late
and early elementary.
Arranged by Dr. Gordon Vessels 2004
vs.
Reserved
Outgoing
Dull
Bright
Emotionally
affected
Emotionally
stable
Humble
Assertive
Serious
Happy-go-lucky
Expedient
Conscientious
Shy
Venturesome
Tough Minded
Tender Minded
Trusting
Suspicious
Practical
Imaginative
Forthright
Astute
Self Assured
Apprehensive
Conservative
Experimenting
Group Dependent
Self-Sufficient
Undisciplined
Controlled
Relaxed
Tense
Eysenck
Compared to Cattell, Eysenck
(1) was more likely to theorize before
collecting and factor analyzing data;
(2) extracted fewer factors; and
(3) used a wider variety of approaches to
gather data.
Biography
Born in Berlin in 1916,
But as a teenager, he moved to England to escape
Measuring Personality
Eysenck believed that genetic factors were far more
Dimensions of Personality
Extraverts are characterized by sociability, impulsiveness,
Measuring
Super
factors
Eysenck and his colleagues developed four
personality inventories to measure
superfactors, or types. The two most
frequently used by current researchers are
the Eysenck Personality Inventory (which
measures only E and N) and
the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (which
also measures P).
Eysencks Two
Dimensions
Emotionally Stable
Unstable
Emotionally
|
Introvert | Phlegmatic (calm): Melancholic
(depressed)
|passive, careful, controlled quiet, submissive, anxious,
|
reserved
Extravert | Sanguine (optimistic) Choleric
(irritable)
|sociable, outgoing,
active,
impulsive,
|lively, carefree
excitable, aggressive
Biological Bases of
Personality
Eysenck believed that P, E, and N all have a powerful
biological component,
Cortical arousal
Shifts in arousal
He cited as evidence the existence of these three
types in a wide variety of nations and languages.
Eysenck's later work investigated personality factors
across 35 European, Asian, African, and American
cultures and found that personality factors are quite
universal, thus supporting the biological nature of
personality.