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Load Flow Analysis

ETAP Workshop Notes 1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc.

System Concepts

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 2

Power in Balanced 3-Phase


Systems S V I
1

LN

S 3 3 S 1

3 V LL I *

P jQ
Inductive loads have lagging Power Factors.
Capacitive loads have leading Power Factors.
Lagging Power Factor

Leading Power Factor

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Current and Voltage

Slide 3

Leading & Lagging Power


Factors
ETAP displays lagging Power Factors as positive and leading Power Factors
as negative. The Power Factor is displayed in percent.

Leading
Power
Factor

Lagging
Power
Factor

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

P jQ

P - jQ

P + jQ

Slide 4

3-Phase Per Unit System


kVA B
IB
3kVB

S 3VI

If you have two bases:

V 3ZI
SB

B
3VB

Then you may calculate the other two


by using the relationships enclosed in
brackets. The different bases are:

2
V
B
Z
B SB

ZB (Base Impedance)

(kVB ) 2
ZB
MVA B

IB (Base Current)

I actual
I pu
IB

Vactual
Vpu
VB

Zactual
Z pu
ZB

Sactual
Spu
SB

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

VB (Base Voltage)
SB (Base Power)
ETAP selects for LF:
100 MVA for SB which is fixed for the
entire system.
The kV rating of reference point is
used along with the transformer turn
ratios are applied to determine the
base voltage for different parts of the
system.

Slide 5

Example 1: The diagram shows a simple radial system. ETAP converts the branch
impedance values to the correct base for Load Flow calculations. The LF reports show
the branch impedance values in percent. The transformer turn ratio (N1/N2) is 3.31
and the X/R = 12.14
Transformer Turn Ratio: The transformer turn ratio is
used by ETAP to determine the base voltage for different
parts of the system. Different turn ratios are applied
starting from the utility kV rating.

kVB1

To determine base voltage use:

N1
kV
kVB2
N2
1
B

kVB2

Transformer T7: The following equations are used to find


the impedance of transformer T7 in 100 MVA base.

X pu

X
R

Z pu

X
R

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

R pu

x pu

X
R
Slide 6

X pu

0.065(12.14)
1 (12.14) 2

0.06478

R pu

0.06478
0.005336
12.14

The transformer impedance must be converted to 100 MVA base and therefore the
following relation must be used, where n stands for new and o stands for old.
o
n
o VB
Z pu Z pu n
VB

SnB
13.8 100
o (5.33 10 3 j0.06478)

(0.1115 j1.3538)
13.5 5
SB

% Z 100 Z pu 11.15 j135.38


Impedance Z1: The base voltage is determined by using the transformer turn ratio. The base
impedance for Z1 is determined using the base voltage at Bus5 and the MVA base.

kVutility 13.5
VB

4.0695
3.31
N1
N 2

VB2
(4.0695) 2
ZB

0.165608
MVA
100

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 7

The per-unit value of the impedance may be determined as soon as the base
impedance is known. The per-unit value is multiplied by one hundred to obtain
the percent impedance. This value will be the value displayed on the LF report.

Zactual (0.1 j1)


Z pu

(0.6038 j6.0382)
ZB
0.1656
% Z 100 Z pu 60.38 j603.8
The LF report generated by ETAP displays the following percent impedance values
in 100 MVA base

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 8

Load Flow Analysis

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 9

Load Flow Calculation


Methods
1.

Accelerated Gauss-Seidel Method

2.

Low Requirements on initial values,


but slow in
3.
speed.

Newton-Raphson Method

Fast in speed, but high requirement on


initial values.
First order derivative is used to speed up
calculation.

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Fast-Decoupled Method

Two sets of iteration equations: real


power voltage angle,
reactive power voltage magnitude.

Fast in speed, but low in solution


precision.

Better for radial systems and


systems with long lines.

Slide 10

Load Nameplate Data

kWRated
HP 0.7457
kVARated

PF Eff
PF Eff
kVARated
FLA3
3 kV
kVARated
FLA1
kV
Where PF and Efficiency are taken at 100 %
loading conditions

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

kVA (kW ) 2 (kVar ) 2


PF

kW
kVA

kVA
( 3 kV)
kVA
I1 1000
kV
I 3 1000

Slide 11

TYPE OF LOADS:
TYPE OF LOAD

PHASOR

PHASE
ANGLE

POWER ABSORBED BY THE LOAD


P
Q

I
V

= 0

P>0

Q=0

= +90

P=0

Q>0

= - 90

P=0

Q<0

0<<+90

P>0

Q>0

I
I

V
L

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 12

TYPE OF LOADS:
TYPE OF LOAD

PHASOR

PHASE
ANGLE

POWER ABSORBED BY THE LOAD


P
Q

I
R

C
V

-90<<0

P>0

Q<0

P=0

Q=0

Tuned to
Resonance
IL = Ic

I
V

C
Ic IL

PL = Pc
Energy travels
Back & forth
Between C&L

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

-90<=<=+
90

Slide 13

Constant Power Loads

In Load Flow calculations induction,


synchronous and lump loads are treated
as constant power loads.

The power output remains constant even


if the input voltage changes (constant
kVA).

The lump load power output behaves like


a constant power load for the specified %
motor load.

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 14

Constant Impedance Loads


In Load Flow calculations Static Loads, Lump Loads
(% static), Capacitors and Harmonic Filters and Motor
Operated Valves are treated as Constant Impedance
Loads.
The Input Power increases proportionally to the
square of the Input Voltage.
In Load Flow Harmonic Filters may be used as
capacitive loads for Power Factor Correction.
MOVs are modeled as constant impedance loads
because of their operating characteristics.

1996-2008 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 15

Constant Current Loads


The current remains constant even if the
voltage changes.
DC Constant current loads are used to test
Battery discharge capacity.
AC constant current loads may be used to test
UPS systems performance.
DC Constant Current Loads may be defined in
ETAP by defining Load Duty Cycles used for
Battery Sizing & Discharge purposes.

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 16

Constant Current Loads

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 17

Load Type Summary

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 18

Generic Loads

Exponential Load
Polynomial Load
Comprehensive
Load

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 19

Generator Operation Modes

Feedback Voltage
AVR: Automatic Voltage
Regulation
Fixed: Fixed Excitation
(no AVR action)

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 20

Governor Operating Modes


Isochronous: This governor setting allows the
generators power output to be adjusted based on
the system demand.
Droop: This governor setting allows the generator
to be Base Loaded, meaning that the MW output is
fixed.

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 21

Isochronous Mode

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 22

Droop Mode

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 23

In ETAP Generators and Power Grids have four operating


modes that are used in Load Flow calculations.
Swing Mode
Governor is operating in
Isochronous mode
Automatic Voltage Regulator
Voltage Control
Governor is operating in
Droop Mode
Automatic Voltage Regulator
Mvar Control
Governor is operating in
Droop Mode
Fixed Field Excitation (no AVR
action)
PF Control
Governor is operating in
Droop Mode
AVR Adjusts to Power Factor
Setting
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 24

Generator Capability Curve

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 25

Generator Capability Curve

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 26

Generator Capability Curve

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 27

Maximum & Minimum


Reactive Power
Machine Rating (Power Factor Point)
Field Winding Heating Limit

Steady State Stability Curve


Armature Winding Heating Limit

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 28

Generator Capability Curve


Field Winding
Heating Limit

Machine Rating
(Power Factor
Point)

Steady State Stability Curve

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 29

Generation Categories
Generator/Power Grid Rating Page
Load Flow Loading Page

10 Different Generation
Categories for Every
Generator or Power Grid
in the System

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 30

Power Flow
V1 V1 1

V 2 V2 2
S V*I P jQ
V *V
1 2 *SIN( 1 2 )
X

2
V1*V2
V2
j
*COS( 1 2 )

X
X

V1*V2
*SIN( 1 2 )
X
2
V1*V2
V2
Q
*COS( 1 2 )
X
X
P

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 31

Example: Two voltage sources designated as V1 and V2 are


connected as shown. If V1= 100 /0 , V2 = 100 /30 and X = 0 +j5
determine the power flow in the system.

V1 V 2 100 j0 (86.6 j50)

X
j5
I 10 j2.68
I

V1I* 100(10 j2.68) 1000 j268


V2 I* (86.6 j50)(10 j2.68) 1000 j268
| I |2 X 10.352 5 536 var

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 32

The following graph shows the power flow from Machine M2. This
machine behaves as a generator supplying real power and
absorbing reactive power from machine M1.

( V E)
sin
X
( V E)
cos
X

Power Flow

V

X

2
2

Real Power Flow


Reactive Power Flow

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 33

Bus Voltage
ETAP displays bus voltage values in two ways
kV value
Percent of Nominal Bus kV

For Bus4:

kVCalculated 13.5 kVNo min al 13.8


kVCalculated
V%
100 97.83%
kVNo min al
For Bus5:

kVCalculated 4.03
V%

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

kVNo min al 4.16

kVCalculated
100 96.85%
kVNo min al
Slide 34

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 35

Lump Load Negative


Loading

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 36

Exercise Time
Open LF-Example-A1
Follow instructions in LF-Example-A1.PDF

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 37

Load Flow Adjustments


Transformer Impedance
Adjust transformer impedance based on possible length variation
tolerance

Reactor Impedance
Adjust reactor impedance based on specified tolerance

Overload Heater
Adjust Overload Heater resistance based on specified tolerance

Transmission Line Length


Adjust Transmission Line Impedance based on possible length
variation tolerance

Cable Length
Adjust Cable Impedance based on possible length variation tolerance
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 38

Load Flow Study Case


Adjustment Page
Adjustments applied
Individual
Global

Temperature Correction
Cable Resistance
Transmission Line
Resistance

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 39

Allowable Voltage Drop


NEC and ANSI C84.1

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 40

Load Flow Alerts

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 41

Equipment Overload Alerts


Bus Alerts

Monitor Continuous Amps

Cable

Monitor Continuous Amps

Reactor

Monitor Continuous Amps

Line

Monitor Line Ampacity

Transformer

Monitor Maximum MVA Output

UPS/Panel

Monitor Panel Continuous Amps

Generator

Monitor Generator Rated MW

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 42

Protective Device Alerts


Protective Devices

Monitored parameters %

Condition reported

Low Voltage Circuit Breaker

Continuous rated Current

OverLoad

High Voltage Circuit Breaker

Continuous rated Current

OverLoad

Fuses

Rated Current

OverLoad

Contactors

Continuous rated Current

OverLoad

SPDT / SPST switches

Continuous rated Current

OverLoad

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 43

If the Auto Display


feature is active, the
Alert View Window will
appear as soon as the
Load Flow calculation
has finished.

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 44

Exercise Time
Open LF-Example-B1
Follow instructions in LF-Example-B1.PDF

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 45

Load Flow Example


B1 Part 1

1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. - Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 46

Load Flow Example


B1 Part 2

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 47

Voltage Control
Under/Over Voltage Conditions must be
fixed for proper equipment operation and
insulation ratings be met.
Methods of Improving Voltage Conditions:
Transformer Replacement
Capacitor Addition
Transformer Tap Adjustment
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 48

Under-Voltage Example
Create Under Voltage
Condition

Method 2 - Shunt
Capacitor

Change Syn2 Quantity to 6.


(Info Page, Quantity Field)

Add Shunt Capacitor to Bus8

Run LF

Voltage is improved

Bus8 Turns Magenta (Under


Voltage Condition)

Method 1 - Change Xfmr

300 kvar 3 Banks

Method 3 - Change Tap


Place LTC on Primary of T6
Select Bus8 for Control Bus

Change T4 from 3 MVA to 8


MVA, will notice slight
improvement on the Bus8 kV

Select Update LTC in the


Study Case

Too Expensive and time


consuming

Bus Voltage Comes within


specified limits

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Run LF

Slide 49

Advanced LF Topics
Voltage Control
Mvar Control
Load Flow Convergence
Load Flow vs. Optimal Power Flow
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 50

Mvar Control
Vars from Utility

Method 2 Add Capacitor

Add Switch to CAP1

Close Switch

Open Switch

Run Load Flow

Run LF

Var Contribution from the


Utility reduces

Method 1 Generator
Change Generator from
Voltage Control to Mvar
Control
Set Mvar Design Setting to 5
Mvars

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Method 3 Xfmr MVA


Change T1 Mva to 40 MVA
Will notice decrease in the
contribution from the Utility

Slide 51

Advanced LF Topics
Voltage Control
Mvar Control
Load Flow Convergence
Load Flow vs. Optimal Power Flow
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 52

Load Flow Convergence


Negative Impedance
Zero or Very Small Impedance
Widely Different Branch Impedance Values
Long Radial System Configurations
Bad Bus Voltage Initial Values

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 53

Exercise Time
Open LF-Example-A2
Follow instructions in LF-Example-A2.PDF

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 54

Advanced LF Topics
Voltage Control
Mvar Control
Load Flow Convergence
Load Flow vs. Optimal Power Flow
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 55

Review of Load Flow


Solution
Given generation, loading and control
settings (Mwgen, Vgen, LTC, Capacitor
Bank, )
Solve bus voltages and branch flows
Check over/under voltage, device
overloading conditions
Reset controls and run Load Flow again
Iterative process
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 56

Optimal Power Flow


Approach
Given control setting ranges
Specify bus voltage and branch loading
constraints
Select optimization objectives (Min. P
Losses, Min. Q Losses, )
Solve bus voltages, branch flows and control
settings
Direct solution
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 57

Control Variables

Load Tap Changer (LTC) Settings


Generator AVR Settings
Generator MW Generation
Series or Shunt VAR Compensator Settings
Phase Shift Transformer Tap Positions
Switched Capacitor Settings
Load Shedding
DC Line Flow

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 58

Objective Functions
Minimize Real Power Losses
- To minimize real power losses in the system

Minimize Reactive Power Losses


- To minimize reactive power losses in the system

Minimize Swing Bus Power


- To minimize real power generation at the swing
bus(s)
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 59

Objective Functions
Minimize Shunt var Devices
- To minimize var generation from available shunt
var control devices

Minimize Fuel Cost


- To minimize total generation fuel cost

Minimize Series Compensation


- To minimize var generation from available series
var control devices
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 60

Objective Functions
Minimize Load Shedding
- To minimize load to be shed from the available
bus load shed schedule

Minimize Control Movement


- To minimize total number of controls

Minimize Control Adjustment


- To minimize overall adjustment from all controls
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 61

Objective Functions
Maximize Voltage Security Index
Voltage Security Index

AllBuses

Vi Vi ,avg

dVi

2n

Where,
Vi ,avg

Vi ,max Vi ,min
2

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

dVi

Vi ,max Vi ,min
2

Slide 62

Objective Functions
Maximize Line Flow Security Index
Line Flow Security Index

AllBranches

Si

Si

2n

Where, d S i is the line rating

Flat Voltage Profile


- Voltage Magnitude difference between all buses
is minimum

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 63

Other Constraints
Bus Voltage Constraints
Branch Flow Constraints
Interface Flow Constraints

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 64

Exercise Time
Open LF-Example-A3
Follow instructions in LF-Example-A3.PDF

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 65

Comparison of LF and OPF

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 66

Panel Systems

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 67

Panel Boards
They are a collection of branch circuits
feeding system loads
Panel System is used for representing
power and lighting panels in electrical
systems

Click to drop once on OLV


Double-Click to drop multiple panels

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 68

Representation
A panel branch circuit load can be modeled as
an internal or external load
Advantages:
1. Easier Data Entry
2. Concise System
Representation

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 69

Pin Assignment
Pin 0 is the top pin of the panel
ETAP allows up to 24 external load connections

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 70

Assumptions
Vrated (internal load) = Vrated (Panel Voltage)
Note that if a 1-Phase load is connected to a 3Phase panel circuit, the rated voltage of the panel
circuit is (1/3) times the rated panel voltage
The voltage of L1 or L2 phase in a 1-Phase 3-Wire
panel is (1/2) times the rated voltage of the panel
There are no losses in the feeders connecting a
load to the panel
Static loads are calculated based on their rated
voltage
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 71

Line-Line Connections
Load Connected Between Two Phases of a
3-Phase System
A

B
C

B
C
IB = IBC

IBC
Load

IC = -IBC

LoadB

Angle by which load current IBC lags the load voltage =


Therefore, for load connected between phases B and C:

For load connected to phase B

SBC = VBC.IBC
PBC = VBC.IBC.cos
QBC = VBC.IBC.sin

SB = VB.IB
PB = VB.IB.cos ( - 30)
QB = VB.IB.sin ( - 30)
And, for load connected to phase C
SC = VC.IC
PC = VC.IC.cos ( + 30)
QC = VC.IC.sin ( + 30)

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 72

Info Page

NEC Selection
A, B, C from top to bottom or
left to right from the front of
the panel
Phase B shall be the highest
voltage (LG) on a 3-phase, 4wire delta connected system
(midpoint grounded)

3-Phase 4-Wire Panel


3-Phase 3-Wire Panel
1-Phase 3-Wire Panel
1-Phase 2-Wire Panel

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 73

Rating Page
Intelligent kV Calculation
If a 1-Phase panel is connected to a 3-Phase bus
having a nominal voltage equal to 0.48 kV, the
default rated kV of the panel is set to (0.48/1.732
=) 0.277 kV
For IEC, Enclosure Type
is Ingress Protection
(IPxy), where IP00 means
no protection or shielding
on the panel

Select ANSI or IEC


Breakers or Fuses from
Main Device Library

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 74

Schedule Page

Circuit Numbers
with
Standard Layout

Circuit Numbers
with
Column Layout
1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 75

Description Tab
First 14 load items in the list are based on NEC 1999
Last 10 load types in the Panel Code Factor Table are user-defined
Load Type is used to determine the Code Factors used in calculating the total
panel load
External loads are classified as motor load or static load according to the
element type
For External links the load status is determined from the connected loads
demand factor status

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 76

Rating Tab

Enter per phase VA, W, or


Amperes for this load.
For example, if total Watts
for a 3-phase load are
1200, enter W as 400
(=1200/3)

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 77

Loading Tab
For internal loads, enter the % loading for the selected loading category
For both internal and external loads, Amp values are
calculated based on terminal bus nominal kV

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 78

Protective Device Tab


Library Quick Pick LV Circuit Breaker
(Molded Case, with
Thermal Magnetic Trip
Device) or
Library Quick Pick
Fuse
will
appear
depending on the
Type of protective
device selected.

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 79

Feeder Tab

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 80

Action Buttons
Copy the content of the selected
row to clipboard. Circuit number,
Phase, Pole, Load Name, Link
and State are not copied.

Paste the entire content (of the


copied row) in the selected row.
This will work when the Link
Type is other than space or
unusable, and only for fields
which are not blocked.

Blank out the contents of the entire


selected row.

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 81

Summary Page
Continuous Load Per Phase and Total
Non-Continuous Load Per Phase and Total
Connected Load Per Phase and Total (Continuous + Non-Continuous Load)

Code Demand Per Phase and Total

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 82

Output Report

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 83

Panel Code Factors


The first fourteen have fixed formats per NEC 1999
Code demand load depends on Panel Code Factors
Code demand load calculation for internal loads are done
for each types of load separately and then summed up

1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology, Inc. Workshop Notes: Load Flow Analysis

Slide 84

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