ANALYTICAL

CHEMISTRY
(Solubility and solubility
product)
Dr.S.SURESH
Assistant Professor
Email:avitsureshindia@gm
ail.com

Solubility
The solubility of a substance is the
amount of that substance that will
dissolve in a given amount of solvent.
Solubility may be considered to be
an equilibrium; the equilibrium is
between solid and ions in solution. Any
ionic solid is 100% ionized in aqueous
solution; onceNait+(aq)
actually
dissolves.
+ Cl (aq)

NaCl(s)

Factors that affect solubility

Temperature
Solubility
generally
temperature.

increases

with

Common ion effect

Common ions reduce solubility

pH of solution
pH
affects
compounds.

the

solubility

of

ionic

Formation of complex ion

The formation of complex ion increases
solubility

Solubility product
In general, solubility product, Ksp, is the
mathematical product of itsdissolved ion
concentrations raised to the power of their
stoichiometric coefficients. This statement
is called the solubility product principle
MyXz (s)
yMZ+ (aq) + zXY-(aq)

K sp M

z y

Solubility product constant

y z

Molar solubility of the ions

Solubility product
Solubility product constant (Ksp)
Most salts dissociate into ions when they
dissolve. For example:
BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
This equilibrium system may be described
by the mass-action expression
Ksp = [Ba2+][SO42-]

BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq)+ SO42(aq)

The
Ba2+
concentration
and
the
SO42
concentration are equal since for each BaSO 4 unit
that dissolves one Ba2+ and one SO42 ion form.

Solubility = s = [Ba2+]

= [SO42]

From the above equation we know that

Ksp = [Ba2+] [SO42]
Ksp
Ksp

= s s = s2
= [Ba2+] [SO42-]

solubility product
constant

Problems on solubility product

Calculate the Ksp value of BaSO4 which has
a solubility of 3.9105 mol/L at 25C.

BaSO4(s) Ba2+(aq)+ SO42-(aq)

Ksp

= [Ba2+] [SO42]

Ksp

= s s = s2
= 3.9105 3.9105
= 1.52109

Solubility and Solubility Products

(1) What is the solubility of AgCl if the Ksp is 1.6 x 10-10
AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Ksp = [Ag+][Cl-]
If s is the solubility of AgCl, then:
[Ag+] = s and [Cl-] = s
Ksp = (s)(s) = s2 = 1.6 x 10-10
-10
s = 1.6 x 10
s = 1.3 x 10-5 mol/L

 What is the solubility of CuS if the Ksp is

1.27 1045.

CuS Cu2+
+ S2
Ksp = [Cu2+] [S2]
= [s] [s]
= s2
K sp
s =
-45
1.27
x
10
=
= 3.56 1023M

(1) What is the solubility of Ca(OH)2 if the Ksp is 7.9 x 10-6

Ca(OH)2 (s)

OH

K sp Ca

2 1

K sp 1 s 2 s
1

Ca2+ (aq) + 2OH-(aq)

1s
2s

K sp (1s ) (2s ) (2 s )
K sp (1 2 2) ( s s s)
K sp 4 s 3

(1) What is the solubility of Ca(OH)2 if the Ksp is 7.9 x 10-6

K sp 4s

But , K sp 7.9 10
7.9 10 4 s
6

7.9 10
s3
4
6

1.97 10 s
6

s 3 1.97 106 1.25 102 M

Solubility and Solubility Products

What is the solubility of Mg(OH)2 if the Ksp is 1.6 x 10-10

Mg(OH)2(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2 OH-(aq)

Ksp = [Mg2+][OH-]2 = 8.9 x 10-12
If the solubility of Mg(OH)2 is s mol/L, then:
[Mg2+] = s mol/L and [OH-] = 2s mol/L,
Ksp = (s)(2s)2 = 4s3 = 8.9 x 10-12
s = 1.3 x 10-4 mol/L

Different types of solution

Unsaturated solution: More solute can be
dissolved in it.
Saturated solution: No more solute can be
dissolved in it. Any more of solute you add
will not dissolve. It will precipitate out.
Super saturated solution: Has more solute
than can be dissolved in it. The solute
precipitates out.