ENVIRONMENTAL

ENGINEERING DESIGN
Design of Sewer
1

DR. NURUL ADYANI GHAZALI

SEWAGE FLOW RATE

Defining Dry Weather Flow (KCK), which is an
important
parameter in the process of sewage treatment.
Calculate KCK and list the factors that affect it.
Defining and calculating principle of Population
Equivalent
(PE)
Designing sewer
2

SEWAGE FLOW RATE

It is an important factor in the design of a
wastewater treatment units..
It affects the size of the sewer, screen size,
the
size of the sedimentation tank, etc.

DRY WEATHER FLOW RATE (KCK)

Dry Weather flow rate is the

average
sewage flow is calculated based
on
the total population and daily
water
consumption per capita.
4

DRY WEATHER FLOW RATE

Some common methods of calculating KCK:
i. The amount of water supplied x population
KCK = (q, water consumption) (P,
population)
= (225 L/capita.day) x (1000 capita)
= 225 m3/day
ii. (Amount of water supplied x population) lost
KCK = (i) - (20%~30% lost)
= 70 ~ 80% (water supplied x

DRY WEATHER FLOW RATE

iii. (Amount of water supplied x population) + other
resources - water loss
KCK= (i) + (other sources such as well)
(20 ~ 30% loss)

EXERCISE
Calculate the value of KCK to an area of 10
000 people if the rate of water consumption
is
250 L/capita.day.
Calculate the value of KCK to an area of 20
000 people if the water consumption rate of
250 L/capita.day and the ratio of
sewage/water supplied is 0.67.
7

POPULATION EQUIVALENT (PE)

PE can be defined as a amount of wastewater
contributed by premises such as industrial and
commercial premises that state's burden in term
of total population.
It influenced the design of a treatment plant..
PE can be defined as the total population
contained in Table 2 MS1228: 1991 and
Guidelines for Developers Volume 4, 1998.
8

Type of Premises
Residential
Commercial:
Include offices, shopping complex,
entertainment/recreational centres, restaurants,
cafeteria, theatres
Schools/Educational Institution:
- Day schools/institutions
- Fully residential
- Partial residential
Hospitals
Hotels with dining and laundry facilities
Factories, excluding process water
Market (wet type)
Market (dry type)
Petrol kiosk/Service stations
Bus Terminal
Taxi Terminal
Mosque
Church/Temple
Stadium
Swimming pool/Sports complex
Public toilet
Airport
Laundry
Prison
Golf course

Population Equivalent
(Recommended)
5
per house
3

per 100 m2 gross area

0.2
1

per student
per student
per non-residential
student
per residential student
per bed
per room
per staf
per stall
per stall
per station
per bus bay
per taxi bay
per person
per person
per person
per person
per toilet
per passenger bay
per employee
9
per machine
per person
per hole

0.2
1
4
4
0.3
3
1
15
4
4
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
15
0.2
0.3
10
1
20

EXERCISE
A separated sewer system will be build for a
residential area consist of 250 houses. Other
building located in the area are:
A primary day school (100 students)
500 meter square of shopping complexes
A wet market (15 stall)
300 meter square of restaurants
Calculate the value of PE at the residential
area.
10

SEWER DESIGN APPROACH

Sewer are designed based on gravity flow.
It should be designed precisely to convey sewage in
size, gradient/slope sufficiently and sufficient velocity.
Determination of the appropriate size is important
because it can prevent erosion and sedimentation
from occurring.
Sewer is not designed as full (usually ~ full) for
the following reasons:
- Avoiding the anaerobic sludge when full.
11
- Taking into account the possibility of a sudden
increase in

MAIN DESIGN PARAMETERS

Designed in peak flow rate or maximum flow
rate
- Sewer was designed at Qmax to ensure that
the
size of the selected sewer/culvert able to
Peak factor, Fpeak = 4.7 P-0.11
drain
sewage in excessively..
P = Population Equivalent (PE) in thousands

12

MAIN DESIGN PARAMETERS

Designed taking into account the self-cleaning
velocity
- The sewer position must be in certain slope so that
the
velocity of the sewage are at acceptable range.
- In general, the velocity of wastewater in the sewer
should
be in the range of self-cleaning velocity of the
following:

Qminimum, v = 0.6 - 1.0 m/s

13

MAIN DESIGN PARAMETERS

Qminimum sewage is often taken as the KCK/Fpeak
Qmaximum sewage taken as 4.7P-0.11KCK
Other factors are summarized in Table 2.9.
Using the principle of an open channel. This is
because sewer flows by gravity and not flowing full.
14

Usually used Manning and Chezy methods.

MANNING
V = 1/n(R)2/3(S)1/2
Q = AV
Q = 1/n(A)(R )2/3(S)1/2
Where;
V = velocity of the sewage (m/s)
Q = flow rate of wastewater (m3/s) at full flow
R = A/P (bounded sewage wet area)
A = area of the sewer (m2)
P = perimeter (m)
D = diameter culvert (m)
S = slope of culvert (m/m)
n = Manning coefficient of hardness (Table
2.10)

15

NOTES
Wet area is the area bounded with water in
the sewer. For example, R = A/P is the area A
divided by the circumference (perimeter) x.

16

DESIGN APPROACH
In the design, we are required to determine
the size of the sewer in accordance with the
following data:
- Peak discharge of sewage.
- The type of sewer with a particular value of
n.
- The slope of the sewer (s)
- Velocity self-cleaning.

17

DESIGN STEPS
- Determining the value of d/D (if the flow is 50% of full,
d/D = 0.5).
- Determining the value of q/Qfull and v/Vfull from Design
Chart (Figure 2.7) on the selected value of d/D. Let q/Qfull
= x and v/Vfull = y.
- From the peak flow rate, q (given the actual flow rate),
determine the Qfull and Vfull.
So Qfull = q/y and Vfull = v/y.
- Value Qfull inserted in the Manning equation.
- Then, the actual velocity of the sewage (flow at d/D) 18
was revised in two conditions, in Qmaximum and Qminimum and
compared with self-cleaning velocity.

EXAMPLE
Design an isolated sewer that flows 70% full
at maximum flow rate(peak) 0.42 m3/s and
minimum flow rate of 0.047 m3/s. Take
gradient as 1:600 and type of sewer is cast
iron (n = 0.013).
Qmax = 0.42 m3/s
Qmin = 0.047 m3/s
s
= 1:600
n
= 0.013
Sewer flows at 70% full

19

SOLUTION
For this example, we need to know what is
the size of sewer and flow data. Due to
sewage is not flowing full, the data can not
directly enter into the Manning formula
because Manning formula only applies for
flowing full situations.

20

SOLUTION
Known that the actual design of the sewage
velocity, which is the peak velocity
corresponding to 0.42 m3/s (ie, flowing at
70% full). But the value of 0.42 should not be
put in Manning formula.
Diameter can only be obtained by knowing
the value of Q at full flow.
How to get Q in full flow?
The answer to this question is to use the
design charts.

21

SOLUTION
V = 1/n(R)2/3(S)1/2
Q = 1/n(A)(R )2/3(S)1/2
Sewer flows at 70% full, this can be expressed
as d/D = 0.7
where,
d = actual depth of the
sewage
D = diameter sewer
22

SOLUTION
From the design charts, at d/D = 0.7,
q/Qfull = 0.85
v/Vfull = 1.14
Thus, determination of the diameter of the sewer:
Known Qmax= 0.42 m3/s

q/Qfull = 0.85
0.42/Qfull = 0.85
Qfull = 0.494 m3/s
Enter the value of Q in Formula Manning

Q = 1/n(A)(R )2/3(S)1/2

23

SOLUTION
R = A/P at full flow (Manning)

R = D/4
So 0.494 = (1/0.013)(/4D )(D/4) (1:600)
D = 0.494/0.9788
D = 0.77 (sewer size required)
2

2/3

1/2

8/3

24

SOLUTION
Determination sewage velocity and checking,
Known,
V = 1/n(R ) (S)
2/3

1/2

= (1/0.013)(0.8/4) (1/600)
= 1.07 m/s (full flow)
2/3

1/2

Check the actual velocity of the sewage in Qmax and

Qmin, to ensure self-cleaning velocity met.

Check v at maximum flow,

Known v/Vfull = 1.14 (from chart)
At full flow (at Qmax) V = 1.07 m/s
So,
vreal = 1.14 (1.07)
25
= 1.22 m/s (0.8 < v <4.0, self-cleaning
velocity at Qmax ~ accepted)

SOLUTION
Check V at the minimum flow,
known;
q real minimum (70% full) = 0.047 m3/s
Q full = 0.494 m3 / s
To check vmin, design charts must be checked again.
From the chart design;
At q/Qfull = 0.047/0.494 = 0.095 (x-axis)
It was found that d/D = 0.215
By hosting the d/D = 0.215 toward the line velocity and
overturned on the x axis (to find out v/Vfull), it was found that
v/Vfull = 0.575
Value v/Vfull now = Vmin/Vfull = 0.575
0.615 m/s > 0.6m/s (v self-cleaning) ~ OK
Known, V=
full = 1.07 m/s

26

A GUIDE TO USE CHART

1. See d/D on the y axis. See x axis which is
represented by v/Vfull and q/Qfull. The
numbers on the x-axis applies to both.
2. i) There are 4 lines on the chart (two
straight lines and two dashed lines). Take
the dashed line because n that we have is
constant (unchanged).
ii) For the above value, see the dotted line
for flow rate and velocity.
27

A GUIDE TO USE CHART

Extend d/D = 0.7 for both line and projected on the xaxis when it touches the line.
If done properly, the value of d/D = 0.7, v/Vfull = 1.14
and q/Qfull = 0.85.
Note that;
q = actual flow rate of sewage (70% full)
Q = Manning flow rate (full flow)
v = actual velocity of sewage (70% full)
V = Manning velocity (full flow).
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EXERCISE
A separated sewer system will be build for a residential
area consist 550 houses and other building:
A primary day school (100 students)
A secondary boarding school (300 students)
600 meter square (m2) of shopping complexes
A wet market (25 stall)
From the information given, determine the design for a
concrete sewer for with 1:100 gradient. The system is
design to flow 70% full at peak flowrate. Determine:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Population Equivalent (PE) for the residential area;

Peak Flowrate (Qpeak)
Diameter of the pipe;
Sewage velocity at peak flow (Vmax) and average
30
flow (Vmin).

End
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