Civil Engineering Materials

CE-115
by
Dr. S. Muhammad Jamil

School of Civil and Environment Engineering

National University of Sciences and
Technology, Islamabad

Building Materials

Building stones
Bricks and clay products
Cement concrete
Timber and wood products
Metals and alloys
Paints, varnishes, distempers
Asphalt, bitumen and tar
Plastics and fibers
Glass
Insulating Materials
Miscellaneous Materials

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Paints and Varnishes

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Definitions
Paint is a coating of fluid material applied over
timber and metal surface as protective coating
which on drying forms a thin film on surface
Paint is a mixture of liquid or medium and a
coloring or pigment to impart color and provide
protective coating to the surface
Oil based paints are polymers or pre-polymer
solutions which form a film upon evaporation of
the solvent
Paint is a dispersion of pigments in a drying oil,
with addition of driers and thinners
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Definitions
Varnish is a transparent or nearly
transparent solution of resinous material
and oil, alcohol or turpentine to form a
clear, tough, matt or glossy protective film
on woodwork.
Enamel. Bases like zinc oxide ground in
varnish. Dry quickly to furnish hard glossy
finish.
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Definitions
Distemper is a comparatively cheap
decorative paint for walls and ceilings
applied on brickwork, or plastered
surfaces
Water Wash and Color Wash. Fresh lime
slacked with water, mixed thoroughly,
screened and added with glue and may be
a pigment
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Definitions
French Polish. Type of spirit varnish
prepared by dissolving resin in methylated
spirit at room temperature for use on
hardwood substances to hide grain
defects.
Wax Polish. Bees wax dissolved in
turpentine used for highlighting the grain
over wooden surfaces.
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Functions of Paints
To protect the surface from weathering
effects of the atmosphere and actions by
other liquids, fumes and gases
To provide pleasing, colorful and
decorative appearance to the surfaces
To prevent decay of wooden members
To prevent corrosion of metallic surfaces
To provide a smooth surface for easy
cleaning
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Classification of Paints
Paints

Oil
Paints

Water
Paints

Heat
Resisting
Paint
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Special
Paints

Fireproof
Paint

Bituminous
Paints

Chlorinated
Rubber
Paint

Cement
Paints

Luminous
Paints
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Classification of Paints
Paints

Priming
Paints
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Undercoating
Paints

Finishing
Paints
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Types of Paints
Oil Paint: ordinary paint
Bituminous paint: prepared by dissolving asphalt or
bitumen in oil or petroleum
Cement paint: It consists of cement and hydrated lime
mixed along with a coloring pigment
Colloidal paint: a paint with no inert material
Aluminum paint: aluminum powder suspended in spirit
varnish or oil varnish
Asbestos paint:
Cellulose paint: prepared from nitro cotton celluloid
sheets
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Types of Paints
Emulsion paint: It consists of polyvinyl acetate and
synthetic resin as binding material
Enamel paint: It consists of white lead ground in small
quantity of oil and mixed with petroleum spirit and
resinous matter
Graphite paint:
Luminous paint: contains calcium sulphide with varnish
Silicate paint: prepared by mixing calcined ground silica
with resinous substances
Anti-corrosive paint: consists of oil and strong drier
Plastic paint:
Synthetic rubber paint: prepared from resin
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Composition of Oil Paints

Constituents of oil paints

Base
Vehicle an oil, generally linseed oil
Coloring pigment (s)
Solvent or thinner
Drier
Inert filler

By suitable variation of the type and proportion of

various constituents the paints are made as
Dry
Glossy
flat
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Composition of Oil Paints - Base

Base : principal constituent, a solid matter
forming the main body of paint and possessing
binding properties.
White lead, red lead, zinc oxide, iron oxide,
metallic powders of aluminum, copper and
bronze, etc
Makes the paint film harder and more resistant to
abrasion
Forms an opaque layer to obscure the surface
Reduces shrinkage cracks on drying
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Composition of Oil Paints - Base

White lead
Cheapest and most commonly used base
Greater covering power than all others
Dense so good to obscure surfaces
Weathers well
Not suitable for delicate works as gets
discolored
Not suitable for painting of iron work due to
rusting
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Composition of Oil Paints - Base

Red lead
Sticks well and protects against rusting. With
oil considered best for first coat or prime coat
Good drier for linseed oil

Lead paints are poisonous. Precautions

needed while spraying or scrapping paint

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Composition of Oil Paints - Base

Zinc oxide or Zinc white

Not affected by weather

Takes a fine polish hence good for decoration works
Not poisonous
Less durable and more costly than lead based

Iron oxide

Used basically in finishing coat for iron work

Prevents rust formation
Comparatively cheaper
Tints vary from yellowish brown to black

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Composition of Oil Paints - Vehicle

Vehicle: Carrier liquid which carries solid
materials of base and helps them to spread
evenly on the surface to be painted. Linseed oil,
poppy oil, nut oil, soyabean oil, castor oil, fish oil,
latex emulsions
Oily liquid in which base and pigment are soluble
Facilitates the paint to be conveniently spread evenly
over the surface
Acts as a binder for the base and causes it to stick to
the surface
On drying forms a tough and elastic film
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Composition of Oil Paints - Vehicle

Raw linseed oil
Thin, pale and transparent oil
Sweet taste, no smell
Becomes hard and stiff on exposure to air
When spread in thin film, looks like varnish
Dries very slowly
Used for painting delicate interior work and
wood work
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Composition of Oil Paints - Vehicle

Boiled linseed oil
Thicker and darker in color (deep amber to rich
brown)
Dries quickly. On drying leaves a hard, glossy and
durable surface
Has more area coverage capacity
Used for exterior work

Double boiled linseed oil

Light in color as raw linseed oil but with different smell
Dries quicker and gives better results
Requires and thinning agent like turpentine oil
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Composition of Oil Paints - Pigment

Coloring pigments: finely divided solid coloring
matter to provide shade, color and capacity to
paint

Blacks: lamp black, vegetable black, ivory black

Blues: indigo, Prussian blue
Yellows: chrome yellow, raw Siena, yellow ochre
Greens: copper sulphate
Browns: raw umber, burnt umber
Red: red lead, vermillion, carmine

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Composition of Oil Paints - Thinner

Solvent or thinner: A volatile liquid added
to prepare paint to increase fluidity thus
workability and ease of application
Thinner helps penetration of paint in porous
surfaces
Turpentine oil is most common thinner
Excessive thinner dulls the colors and gloss
Excessive thinner reduces protective value of
paint
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Composition of Oil Paints - Drier

Drier: added to paint to quicken the drying
of vehicle
Linseed oil dries by absorbing oxygen
Drying process expedited by adding oxygen
rich substances
Common driers are: Litharge, Red lead, Lead
acetate, Manganese dioxide, Zinc sulphate
Excessive drier destroys the elasticity of paint
and causes flaking
Drier is added to the paint just before use
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Composition of Oil Paints - Filler

Inert filler
An adulterant mixed to replace the base in
part thus reducing the cost of paint
Commonly used fillers are silica, charcoal,
powdered chalk, aluminum silicate, barium
sulphate, etc

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Characteristics of Good Paints

Should have a good body or spreading power
Should work smoothly and freely to be laid in thin coat
Should form durable, tough and wear resistant film upon
drying
Color should not fade or change
Painted surface should dry in about 9 hours
Should become hard enough in 24 hours to take up
another coat
Should not crack upon drying
Should give a smooth and pleasing finish
Should dry quickly
Should not damage the painted surface
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Manufacture of Oil Paints

The base (white lead) is thoroughly ground in oil
Thinner (turpentine oil) is mixed to give it
necessary workability
Pigment and drier are separately ground in
linseed oil and mixed with turpentine oil to make
it thin
Pigment mixture intimately mixed with already
prepared base
Prepared paint is strained through fine cloth or
sieve
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Manufacture of Oil Paints

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Defects in Painting
Cracking: cracks extending throughout the entire
thickness of paint, due to
Improper seasoning of wood
Excessive use of drier
Application of too many coats

Crazing and crocodiling: Hairline cracks in top

coat, due to
Use of excessive oil
Use of impure oil
Insufficient drying of under coat
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Defects in Painting
Blistering and peeling:
Exposure of paint to strong sunshine
Leaving oil or grease on the surface to be painted
Painting a surface with moisture on surface or in
pores of wood

Runs and sage:

Application of too thick or slow drying paint

Painting over a glossy surface
Use of excessive drier
Excessive humidity or rapid thermal changes during
drying period

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Defects in Painting
Chalking: rub off with hands or clothes
Use of insufficient oil in priming coat

Washing off: deposition of water soluble

dissolved matter at lower edges forming
streaks
Dull appearance: caused by use of
excessive drier or on aging
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Defects in Painting
Slow drying:
use of inferior or old oils
Painting over damp surfaces
Painting during unfavorable weather

Yellowing of white paint:

Use white enamel where gloss is desired
For indoors use linseed oil with yellow tint that
does not bleach unless exposed to sunshine
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LINSEED OIL

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Brown Ochre

OchreorOcher(pronounced/okr/OH-kr,from
theGreek,khrs,pale)istermforbothagoldenyelloworlightyellowbrowncolorandforaformof
earthpigmentwhichproducesthecolor

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VARIOUS PIGMENTS

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