Tectonics of Indonesia

Lecture 4: Plate Tectonics and

Magmatism

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Tectonics of Indonesian Region

Lecture 4

Active volcanoeson earth are located along

the margins
80% are on convergent boundaries
15% where plates diverge
5% at intraplate hotspots

World map showing plate boundaries (blue lines), the

distribution of recent earthquakes (yellow dots) and active
volcanoes (red triangles).Courtesy of NASA.
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Tectonics of Indonesian Region

Lecture 4

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Tectonics of Indonesian Region

Lecture 4

Plate tectonics and Magmatism

At divergent
boundaries
Intraplate magmatism
At convergent
boundaries
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Tectonics of Indonesian Region

Lecture 4

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Tectonics of Indonesian Region

Lecture 4

Plate tectonics and Magmatism

At divergent boundaries
Intraplate magmatism
At convergent
boundaries

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Tectonics of Indonesian Region

Lecture 4

Global hotspots
aplate mechanism and mantle plume hypothe
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Tectonics of Indonesian Region

Lecture 4

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Tectonics of Indonesian Region

Lecture 4

Plate tectonics and Magmatism

At divergent boundaries
Intraplate magmatism
At convergent
boundaries

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Tectonics of Indonesian Region

Lecture 4

Example:
Merapi

Volatile Fluxing Mantle Wedge

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Tectonics of Indonesian Region

Lecture 4

More basaltic
More andesitic
stratovolcanoes
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Tectonics of Indonesian Region

Lecture 4

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Tectonics of Indonesian Region

Lecture 4

mitive mantle melts Vs. Remelting of the lower

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Tectonics of Indonesian Region

Lecture 4

Volcano: Definition
A vent at the Earth's surface through
which magma (molten rock) and
associated gases erupt, and also the
cone built by effusive and explosive
eruptions
(USGS Volc.Program,
accessed on 6 Oct 2013)

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Tectonics of Indonesian Region

Lecture 4

Types of volcanoes
Shield volcanoesare relatively quiet, gently sloping,
low viscosity magma (usually low in SiO 2), largest in
overall size, spews the least amount of gases
Example:Kilauea
Composite (or Stratovolcano)are explosive, steeply
sloped, high viscosity magma, intermediate in size,
intermediate gas content
Example:Mt. St. Helens,Pinatubo,Mt. Merapi
Cinder Cone volcanoes are somewhat explosive (not
as much as Composite), have the steepest sloping, high
viscosity magma, smallest in overall size, highest
volcanic gases (anotherCinder Conepicture)
Example:Paricutin
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Lecture 4

Aspects of
volcanic eruptions
Pyroclastic Debrisis the material ejected from an
erupting volcano. Usually classified as (small to
large)ash, cinders,blocks, andbombs
Pyroclastic Flow(or fiery cloud) is a cloud of
super-heated gas and ash that flows down slope
from an erupting volcano. It can reach speeds of
100 mi/hr and has a temperature of ~800 oC (hot
enough to melt glass). It burns anything
combustible.
Volcanic Gasesinclude CO2, CO, HCl, HF, H2S, SO2,
H2, and H2O (many of these are toxic in sufficient
concentrations)
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Tectonics of Indonesian Region

Lecture 4

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Tectonics of Indonesian Region

Lecture 4