Chapter 24

Fuels and Crude oil

24.1 Introduction - The

need for fuel (Tb pg 421)
fuel
A __________
is a substance that is burnt
to produce heat energy
Today the two main sources of fuels are
Petroleum

Natural
___________________
and
/crude oil
gas
___________________.

Fossil fuels

Coal, petroleum and natural gas are

called ___________ _______ because they

were formed from the remains of plants
and animals that lived a long time ago.

24.2 Petroleum and natural

gas (Tb pg 422-423)
Crude
oil ______
Petroleum also called
___________
is a thick black liquid.

Natural _______ is a colourless gas

__________

gas together with petroleum in the

found
Earth.

What is petroleum / crude oil?

Is a fossil fuel derived from an ancient

biomass found in rocks

Is a mixture
Recap:
A mixture consist oftwo or more elements or

compounds not chemically

_____________________________________________
_________
combined together

filtratio
chromatograp
distillatio
Mixtures
can
be separated by
physical

Fractional
distillation
n
hy as ____________,
n
methods
such
___________________, ________________and for
crude oil, _________________________

What is petroleum/ crude oil?

Is a fossil fuel derived from an ancient

biomass found in rocks

Is a mixture
Contain a very large number of compounds
Consist mainly HYDROCARBONS
(Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of

hydroge
carbon
_____________
and
________ only.)
n

Also contains sulfur or sulfur compounds

Petroleum / Crude oil

How was it formed?
From organisms which lived millions of years

ago

Their remains were covered by layers of

sedimentary rocks

Heat and pressure in the absence of air

converted the remains into fossil fuels

Gas and oil is
trapped
underground
They cannot pass
through the nonporous layers

Combustion of petroleum and

natural gas
Methane
________________
is the main constituents
of natural gas.
Petroleum and natural gas when burnt

provides energy. When they are

Carbon
dioxide
completely burnt in air, the
products
are
water and ___________
__________ ___________
If insufficient air is present, combustion is

Carbon
monoxide
Carbon
incomplete and
_________
___________
and
________ are also obtained.

Petroleum / Crude oil

How is it processed?
Crude oil can be split into fractions
Fractions group of compounds with similar

boiling points

The process is called fractional distillation

24.3 Fractional distillation of

petroleum (Tb pg 424-425)
What is petroleum?
Petroleum is a mixture hydrocarbons
of

________________ that has to be separated

Fractional
into
useful distillation
fractions by _____________
___________ before it can be used.
The petroleum gas fractionlowest
that comes
out of the top of the column has the
_________ boiling point

Fractional distillation
What happens?
Crude oil is fed into the
furnace and heated
until it turns into gas.
Inside the fractionating
column the fractions
condense and come out
of the column at
different heights
depending on their
boiling points.

Petroleum
P
gas
P
Petrol
N
Naphtha
K
Kerosene
D
Diesel oil
L
Lubricating
B
oil

water
All the fractions are insoluble
in
________ and burn in air.
As boiling points increase,

bigger
The molecules become _____________
viscous

The liquid becomes more __________

They burn less easily with a smoky flame.

Viscous = not very runny (a bit like

syrup)

Fractions and their uses

Petroleu
m gas

Fuel for
cooking

Petrol

Fuel for
motorcars

Naphtha
kerosen
e
Diesel
oil
Lubricatin
g oil

Bitume

Fuel for jet

aircraft
Fuel for
diesel
engines
Lubricant
for
machine, waxes
and polishes
Roads
and roofs

Fractional distillation
What happens to the fractions?
Fractions are still mixtures
Different fractions are put to different uses
Fractions can be distilled further
Some fractions are more valuable than others
The heavier fractions are less valuable
Larger molecules can be broken down into

smaller ones this is known as cracking

Cracking
Why is it done?
Larger hydrocarbon molecules are less useful
They can be broken down into smaller

molecules

Smaller molecules are more useful

Cracking
What happens?
Large hydrocarbons are vaporised (turned into

gas)

The vapors are passed over a hot catalyst

Bonds are broken and smaller molecules are

made

Thermal decomposition (breaking up by

heating) takes place

Catalysts help speed up reactions

Cracking
What happens?
Many different hydrocarbons are produced

because the molecules can break down in

different ways